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GLI ESITI DELLE DEMOCRATIZZAZIONI

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Presentazione sul tema: "GLI ESITI DELLE DEMOCRATIZZAZIONI"— Transcript della presentazione:

1 GLI ESITI DELLE DEMOCRATIZZAZIONI
Hybrid regimes GLI ESITI DELLE DEMOCRATIZZAZIONI

2 Temi e questioni Successi, successi parziali, fallimenti
Regimi di transizione o ibridi ? Il ruolo delle eredità - i conflitti tra Stato e nazione - il partito unico e la mobilitazione di massa - Le élites L’apprendimento politico

3 research questions Is there the possibility of singling out a new kind of political arrangements between authoritarianisms and democracies? If so, is this only a transitional situation, as we could expect, or could it be a regime?

4 Short excursus on the history of concept
Linz, the case of Spain after WWII COCTA Recent developments

5 main empirical findings
There is such a regime, even with stable patterns, but it is difficult to define adequately; It is also difficult to find a satisfactory classification However, the main model is the “quasi-democracy”, that is a multi dimensional configurations where all main components don’t achieve the minimalist characteristics to have a democracy.

6 Empirical size of the phenomenon
58 countries (30% of the world’s total) are ranked by Freedom House as “partially free”

7 Outline of the presentation
What is a regime Definition of hybrid regime between democracy and authoritarianism Typologies Empirical results

8 What is a regime regimes ‘are more permanent forms of political organization’ (Fishman 1990, 428) the set of government institutions and of norms that are either formalized or are informally recognized as existing in a given territory and with respect to a given population. a regime has a minimal persistence/ stabilization

9 Minimalist definition of democracy
Free, fair, competitive, recurrent elections More than one party Universal suffrage Alternative sources of information Plus the two footnotes by Schmitter: decision-making process should not be constrained by non-elected elites and by external powers.

10 Authoritarianism I: Linz
limited pluralism, low mobilization/controlled participation mentalities small leading group or leader uncertainty about rules, but predictable ones

11 Authoritarianism II -Schedler
elections are inclusive, minimally pluralistic and competitive (opposition parties allowed to run), minimally open (opposition parties not subject to massive repression) but instruments of authoritarian rule: as there are infringements of political rights and civil liberties, restriction of candidate’s access to mass media and campaign finance, imposition of formal or informal suffrage restrictions on their supporters, or simply redistributing votes and seats through electoral fraud.

12 Hybrid Regimes: proliferation of notions
façade democracy (Finer 1970) democradura/dictablanda (Rouquié 1975) pseudo democracy (Finer 1970,Diamond, Linz, Lipset 1995) the semi-consolidated democracies (Freedom House); illiberal democracy (Zakaria 1997), electoral democracy (Diamond 1999), defective democracies (Merkel and Croissant 2001), competitive authoritarianism (Levitsky and Way 2002), semi-authoritarianism (Ottaway 2003) partial democracy (Epstein et al. 2006) autocratic electoral regime (Wigell 2008)

13 hybrid regime Karl (1990, 1995) Diamond (2002) Morlino (2008)
Wigell (2008) Smolka Vida (2010) Hale (in Brown 2011) Linz & Stepan (2013)

14 Hybrid Regimes: a definition
- a set of rules and institutions where some authoritarian characteristics either disappeared or are seriously undermined and only some requisites are present among those requested by the minimal definition of democracy - or no longer minimally democratic and presence of some requisites of authoritarianism

15 Regime ibrido II Un insieme di istituzioni, non importa se stabili o no, persistenti per almeno un decennio, … che sono state precedute da un autoritarismo, da un regime tradizionale (magari con caratteristiche coloniali), o anche da una democrazia minima …. e sono caratterizzate dallo smantellamento del pluralismo limitato e da forme di partecipazione indipendenti, autonoma oltre che dall’assenza di alemno uno dei quattro aspetti di una democrazia minina. pag. 64

16 Direzioni di analisi Il lascito del regime precedente
Il processo di cambiamento e le sue conseguenze Le caratteristiche distintive dei regimi ibridi Le limitazioni che hanno impedito l’evoluzione verso una democrazia minima (pag. 68)

17 What kind of hybrid regime?

18 typology Protected democracy Limited democracy
Democracy without State (law)

19 Significant dimensions in hybrid regimes
1.Rule of law 2.Electoral process Democracy without law:1,2,3 3.Functioning of government 4.Political pluralism and participation Protected democracy: 4 5. Freedom of expression 6. Freedom of association and organization Limited democracy:5, 6, 7 7. Autonomy and individual freedom

20 The Three Components of Hybrid Regimes

21 Typology fo hybrid regimes

22 Alternative typology (Linz & Stepan 2013)
Authoritarian/democratic hybrid Democratic/authoritarian hybrid Traditional/democratic hybrid Sultanistic/democratic hybrid More specific: Military/democratic hybrid ……..


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