Smart City: a reference framework Dino Giuli University of Florence.

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1 Smart City: a reference framework Dino Giuli University of Florence

2 New age of wide and fast innovation Technology-based innovation is becoming a powerful driver of local eco-systemic evolution and associated increase of competitiveness of single territories. Effective pro-activity of single territories is purposely required, looking for the exploitation of their specific vocation and contributing to innovation processes, while valuing fruitful connections among the local and global contexts. Research&Technology advancements are key areas of such pro-activity in innovation processes. 2

3 New models for socio-economic development New social-economic models are emerging mainly targeting a real, diffuse and essential human well- being, also as a way for a stable economic development. Consequent effects on quality of human life should be individually and socially perceivable and wide beneficial in the socio-territorial context. Such a type of evolution requires also the development of specific knowledge and know-how by Universities and Research bodies, as well as valuing of a virtuous interdisciplinary and transcultural approach. 3

4 Smart Cities: conceptual approach (1) Research and innovation for Smart City development is targeting the diffuse deployment and access of new basic smart systems and services to enhance common human well-being in urban areas. This implies enhancements in terms of new intelligent infrastructures and associated basic services to be made widely and commonly available in the urban areas. Such basic evolution is also expected to ground a new and stable socio-economic territorial development. 4

5 Smart Cities: conceptual approach (2) ICT innovation and exploitation is a key technological factor in the City smartening processes Smartness is thus targeting development and wide deployment and usage of “new intelligent utilities and essential services” according to the basic human and social needs of urban life Applications copying with basic needs of “social innovation” are included Contextual fundamental requirements are thus faced, for significantly enhancing ecological, social and economic sustainability of urban essential well being 5

6 First of all targeted “smartness” implies tuned enhancement and exploitation of human intelligence and cultural basis «Smartness» 1. New complex intelligent systems (Smart Systems) for essential/vital infrastructures and services to be widely made available for enhance common well being in the City. 2. Advancement and prompt exploitation of the new technologies which enable the systemic approach in the various city life application. 3. Diffuse exploitation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as transversal support for instrumental systemic connection and integration, as well as for the instrumental intelligence to be valued in specific application sectors. 4. Private-public partnership and social pro- activity to ground multidisciplinary research and innovation, project development, educational and professional training, as needed for the Smart City development Smart City & Communities: Smartness basic factores 6

7 Smart City Application sectors Basic and Infrastructural Utilities Water resources Food Waste management Transportation and logistics Energy ICT Infrastructures Health, Safety and Security Health Territorial security Private and public local living places and contexts Home-place living Work-place living Building&Architecture Cultural heritage Landscape, natural and urban environment Common out-door living places for free-time and private life Tourism Citizenship, social inclusion and education Government and Justice Welfare and social inclusion Ageing School University 7

8 Fig. A: SMART CITY & Communities: Macro-typing of the essential well-being factors Basic infrastructural utilities Health, Safety and Security Private and public living places and contexts Citizenship, Social inclusion, Education and Socio-cultural evolution Social and Human relational factors M A C R O S E CT O R S Human and environmental physical factors 8 Well being needs

9 Fig. B: SMART CITY & Communities: Macro-typing of the infrastructures as basic target of the smartening process Basic infrastructural utilities Health, Safety and Security Private and public living places and contexts Citizenship, Social inclusion, Education and Socio-cultural evolution Immaterial Infrastructures M A C R O S E CT O R S Material Infrastructures 9 Well being needs

10 Smart-City joint-venture basic actions for the associated territorial development – Focused matching of specific local social, cultural and economic priorities/vocations/potentialities – Focused matching of specific scientific, technological, industrial local vocation/potentiality – Valuing outer national and foreign experiences, also exploiting direct international co-operations by a glo-cal approach – Empowering shared local structures for applied research and innovation in co-operative projects – Involving Municipalities and other Public Administrations through suitable structures joint supporting short circuits for effective innovation by their direct co-operation with Enterprises, Social communities, Universities and Research bodies – Territorial development of Living Labs for locally grounding innovation processes, to feed the needed tuned social participation and the socio-cultural evolution 10

11 Smart City & Communities: Factors and actors of their territorial development Smart City and Communities development Territorial well-being Making know-how Living know- how Basic knowledge Social-Cultural Capital Territory competitiveness Human-productive capital renewing and exploiting International cooperation through a glocal asset Research Universities and Research Bodies Public Administrations/ Municipalities Enterprises private public foreign Financial Capitals & Bodies Social- Cultural Evolution Technologic al Social- Technical Continuous Innovation

12 SMART CITIES: Significant requirements of the “Research-Innovation-Exploitation (RIE)” territorial processes Flexible ICT system and service integration through the network System certification, quality of services, accountability, evolutionary business models Cooperation among Enterprises, Universities & Research bodies, Public Administrations, Local communities Enabling & Exploiting fruitful co-operative assets at different scales: - Local (innovation, direct exploitation) - National (research, innovation, national Smart City pilots) - European (research, innovation, EU Smart City pilots Short circuits for incisiveness and fastness of such RIE processes 12

13 P. A. Innovation Wedging Body (PAIW) Specific P. A. body to promote and address the development of required innovation processes inside the involved Public Administrations (P.A.) Progressively enhancing P.A. internal skills, culture and organization for fast and proficient exploitation of innovation. Purposely acting in the needed various application and in diffferent sectors of competence. 13

14 Smart City: Territorial involvement of Enterprises ACTORSACTIONS Enterprises Joint venture in strategic research and education programs Promotion of international co-operation SMEs Main contribution to short-term innovation processes Creativity and fastness in innovation Joint structures for research and innovation Local laboratories/centers participated by single or networked Enterprises, Universities and Research bodies Promotion of knowledge human resource development Connection with Living Labs Financial bodies Working-out of the needed actions for involvement of public and private funding bodies Local, regional and national supporting policies Financial services for venture capital accessing 14

15 Smart City: Territorial development of Living Labs (L.L.) A Living-Lab typically constitutes an experiential environment where users are immersed in a creative social space for sustaining anticipatory design and validation of innovations aimed at Smart City living. Industrial innovation Supporting user and stakeholders’ participation in industrial innovation processes in a liveable experimental environment. P. A. Innovation Supporting user and stakeholders’ participation in P. A. innovation processes. Innovating professional and craftsmanship abilities Supporting competence evolution and new experiential, professional creative spaces opened for innovation. Socio-cultural evolution Supporting access to cultural and social lived experiences, to extend awareness of innovation processes. Open demonstrative assets Demonstration of quality and liveability of innovative products, services and habitats, to contribute to territorial promotion in a glo-cal context. 15

16 Cooperative network for developing and sharing Smart City “evolutionary test-beds” Scientific Bodies... Demo’s Product Innovation Business models Additional social stakeholders Technological transfer Systemic Architectural Framework Enterprises... Public Bodies... Research & Education Technology development Policy support Research Evolutionary Test-Beds 16

17 Related social-economical planning of the territorial eco-systemic development Public-Private partnership along with applied research/innovation/exploitation short circuits Exploitation of new business models Social pro-activity for tuned social-cultural evolution according to the targeted territorial eco systemic development National & International co-operation and joint-ventures within a glo-cal framework Standardization and cyber-scurity Social ethics as a grounding factor for the Smart City new development Joint systematic enhancement of the psycho-physical and relational well- being in the social and community contexts Net-Living Education Smart City & Communities: relevant transversal actions and factors for their development 17

18 ICT EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK: ICT SYSTEM DYNAMIC INTEGRATION AND VIRTUALIZATION FRAMEWORK Composition and integration of virtual Infrastructures, platform, data and sw as a service Self-system Components Software as a service Autonomous Applications Shareable sw tools Knowledge & Awareness base- production App.s Big Data Mgmt. Open Data Mgmt. Shareable Data Mgmt. Net-centric & opportunity data Mgmt. Proprietary Data Mgmt. Virtual and Shareable IT infrastructures Autonomous IT platform Computing HostingMiddleware Internet basic services Private/local Network Communications infrastructures & basic services Public AccessReserved Access …… Networked terminals, sensors, remote sensing subsystems, actuators 18

19 ICT EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK: Communications infrastructures and basic services Enhancement of broadband and mobile communications networks Evolution of Internet basic services Network service integration Enhancement of communication service quality (throughput, reliability, security, resilience, etc.) Multimediality Integration and personalization of push and pull communications end-services Wide territorial availability and accessibility of the enhanced network 19

20 ICT EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK: networked intelligent periphery (1) Personalized Networking of peripheral intelligent end- user devices and subsystems are among the main drivers of the current evolution Intelligent terminals and devices for human interaction (fixed and mobile) Physical digital identifiers, sensors, remote sensing subsystems, remote actuators Involved Peripherals 20

21 i.“Internet of Things” ii.Local and micro wireless networking iii.“Cyber-physical distributed systems” (for monitoring, control, automation and optimization of physical instrumental processes) Exploitation of the increasing network distribution of embedded data sourcing, storing and computing capabilities, in the peripheral end-user terminal and personal subsystem Enhancement of intelligent peripheral usability Contextual evolution of: Valuable evolutions ICT EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK: networked intelligent periphery (2) Personalized Networking of peripheral intelligent end- user devices and subsystems are among the evolution main drivers of the current evolution 21

22 Network virtualization -Network Functions Virtualisation, Network as a service, network operating system -Application and Network mutual awareness: context (and network-) aware applications and application-aware networks -Expected Benefits for network operators, service providers, infrastructure providers and customers -Optimization and resource orchestration for cost reduction, energy efficiency, flexible demand matching 22

23 Context-aware Routing Service Discovery Adaptive Service Composition Contex-aware Content Delivery QoS Negotiation and Enforcement Next Generation Service Overlay Network Applications and Services Underlying Networks IMS Content-centric Networks Internet … Service Context User Context Device Context Network Context Context data gathering Context-driven adaptation Context data gathering Context-driven adaptation NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION: Next generation service overlay network 23

24 APPENDIX - A Communities psycho- physical and relational well-being 24

25 Nel contesto della Smart City, le Smart Communities (SCm) si configurano come ambienti operativi innovativi, incisivamente concorrenti al sistematico sostegno allo sviluppo di un benessere perseguito in termini di “innovazione sociale” ai livelli essenziali. Nel benessere essenziale da perseguire, sono contemplati infatti anche i bisogni connessi con fattori di carattere psico-fisico, psico-sociale e relazionale, che emergono negli stessi contesti di vita sociale ordinaria, potendo essi condizionare notevolmente la qualità della vita individuale, ma anche la produttività delle persone e delle organizzazioni, come pure la relativa sicurezza. La sicurezza ha peraltro particolare rilievo particolarmente in ambiti di attività e relazione umana, che per loro natura possono dar luogo a forti criticità di carattere psico-fisico e relazionale e conseguenti rischi per la vita delle persone. Smart Communities: Benessere psico-fisico e relazionale 25

26 Sistemi “smart” mirati ad elevare la qualità e rendere più efficiente la gestione, fornitura e accessibilità dei servizi sanitari, corrispondono chiaramente ad una esigenza sociale vitale, naturalmente sentita. Miglioramenti attesi riguardano lo sviluppo e la valorizzazione di innovazioni inerenti relativi strumenti, metodi, processi operativi e organizzativi, per l’efficacia dell’assistenza sanitaria (diagnosi, terapia e prevenzione). Simile sviluppo è anche da perseguire in ambito socio-sanitario. Smart City & Communities: SALUTE (1) 26

27 L’innovazione mirata a Sistemi e Comunità ‘intelligenti’ è da ricerca e sviluppare progressivamente con un processo necessariamente continuo valorizzante anche le evoluzioni delle nuove possibili tecnologie. Il loro supporto potrà essere valorizzabile per: un sistematico monitoraggio e controllo e una ottimale gestione delle attività, l’ottimizzazione dell’integrazione, fornitura e accesso dei servizi finali complessivamente erogati ai singoli pazienti, l’adeguata interoperabilità, la cooperazione e integrazione funzionale delle diverse strutture e dei vari operatori sanitari, una maggiore efficienza complessiva, che si traduca in riduzione dei costi unitari dei servizi sanitari, con una loro adeguata accessibilità, fruibilità e connessa capacità di pronto intervento sul proprio territorio, mentre viene garantito il livello di qualità, predeterminato e da assicurarsi, per l’efficacia e la sicurezza degli stessi servizi sanitari. miglioramento benessere dei pazienti, miglioramento del benessere degli operatori sanitari nel contesto lavorativo Smart City & Communities: SALUTE (2) 27

28 Appendice B: Smart City evolution within a glo-cal framework 28

29 Asset glo-cal a livello generale Internazionalizzazione: Cooperazione scientifica e universitaria Cooperazione industriale Joint ventures tra città 29

30 University proactivity in Smart City glo-cal framework 30

31 Appendice C: NET-Living Education (NLE) 31

32 Ambiente strumentale distribuito per la connessione “intelligente” in rete digitale 32

33 Caratteristiche per il living space in rete Caretteristiche e processi per i living space in rete Processi per i living space in rete 33

34 Networked-Living skill needs 34

35 Net-University Living Lab University University community constructive participation Net-Service innovation processes for Net-Living Technology innovation ICT Industries Evolution and use of tools and services Enabling innovation processes for Networking-Living enhancement. 35

36 University NLE actions Multidisciplinary scientific competences Validation and diffusion of first-level NLE module NLE Scientific Interdisciplinary Committee Second-level NLE module (2 yrs) NLE cooperative communityValidation and diffusion of second-level NLE module Supporting technical teamCo-operation with secondary Schools First-level NLE module (3 yrs) 36

37 Social-cultural territorial participation and evolution Net-Living knowledge Net-Living Education Smart City development and living Towards NET-Living Education 37

38 Appendice D: Smart City and Communities applications sectors and related objectives 38

39 1. Macrosettori Basic and infrastructural utilities 1.1 Energy Main objective in this sector is the advancement of smart infrastructures for integrated production and distribution of energy. This implies smart management of distributed production and delivery of energy from different and spread sources, while pursuing also its generation by renewable ones. Actually the Smart Grids innovative approach is contributing to such a type of development. Quality targets are mainly connected with significant improvements of: efficiency; cost-sustainability; eco-sustainability; autonomy; reliability; general availability and accessibility. 1.2 Water resources In this case smartness aims at the systemic improvement of the network for water collection and distribution, through smart management and control capabilities, as well as at improving physical infrastructures, for enhancing: efficiency; water saving use; water purity. Purity for drinkable water has to account for specific enhancements aimed at safety requirements. 39

40 1.3 Food In this case smartness is referred to the chain of production, distribution and conservation of the agriculture, farm and fishery food products, as well as to the final processes for cooking and eventual conservation of those foods thus made ready for direct eating. Enhancing processes and control of the entire chain is to be aimed at reducing costs and improve safety and quality of food. Advisable criteria are: −assuring local common availability of consumable basic foods with the general quality level and with the minimum cost to be assured for them −exploiting in addition local products and/or capabilities, included the related distinctive cuisine capabilities, to make high value food available as locally distinctive and attractive factor. The latter criterion, while being one of the factor of local pleasant living, is indeed one of the attractiveness factors also for outer city incomers. 1.4 Waste Management In this sector, smartness aims at improving tools, systems and processes for: i) operating, control and management needed for collecting, transportation, processing, transformation and disposal of material (solid, liquid, gaseous) wastes; ii) allowing specific monitoring, control and management as needed for risk reduction of dangerous wastes; iii) waste recycling for energy production and new material production. Basic objective is to improve compliance with eco-sustainability requirements. 40

41 1.5 Transportation and logistics Since dealing with Cities, we have to refer mainly to local ground transportation. However, further connections for transportation are also to be included: i) those for air, sea and river transportation which are directly accessible by the urban area livers and incomers; ii) connections with transportation routes and services at regional, national and international level. Public and private transportation, of both people and goods, are to be accounted for. Smartness of said transportation basically relies on the related system and service evolution based on the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) approach. It implies innovation for joint smartness of: the transportation means, the transportation infrastructures, the transportation service management, the associate assistance services directly provided to the related end-users. Basic objectives are improving quality of transportation in terms of efficiency, security and eco-sustainability. These requirements are particularly important and demanding in urban areas. A specific similar approach for the latter objectives is also to be pursued for the smartness of the logistics services to be associated with transportation of goods. Quite demanding requirements are posed in urban area for this type of services too. Smartness of transportation thus prospected also enables contextual evolution towards extended smart mobility services needed to support valuable and pleasant direct-experiencing of urban life. 41

42 1.6 Communications & Information Infrastructures (1) Proficient exploitation of Information and Communication technologies and systems is a basic requirement for all communication and information services to be generally made available to people, enterprises, Public Administrations, other organizations and communities in the City. A specific proficiency of ICT systems is required, since it is typically a determinant factor for many Smart City application sectors among those included in this appendix. Such requirements imply that a conformal innovative development and systematic deployment of the Communications & Information infrastructures and of the associated basic services, be made widely available and shareable within urban areas. An important target to be thus pursued is the infrastructural enhancement of communications, in terms of wide availability and accessibility, as well as of enhanced quality and multimediality of their basic services. It includes also evolution towards enhanced integration of broadcast, telephony and interactive (internet) communications, aimed also at integration and personalization of “push” and “pull” end-services. Current and expected significant enhancements refer also to broadband communications, wireless and mobile communications, as well as associate enhancement of integrated communication services and Internet-based networking. Joint relevant evolution is the enhancement, wide availability and accessibility of ICT platforms, as network-shared virtualized resources and composable services supporting basic telematics, information and computing services. This has to ground infrastructurally the development and diffuse provision of quality enhanced ICT applications in different fields, which can also be made directly deployable by customers, for self-use and/or self-provision of personalized end-services. Evolution of these platforms according to the “Cloud Computing” paradigm, is a tuned ongoing approach for such an objective. 42

43 1.6 Communications & Information Infrastructures (2) Enhancement of system infrastructure and capabilities is also pointed out by pursuing systematic exploitation of networked displaced sensors and remote sensing subsystems, as well as of networked remote actuators. ICT platform adaptation for structural networking and operational inclusion of such a peripheral instrumental environment is to be exploitable also to allow real-time remote observation and control of physical/artificial real processes, as also made viable by evolution of the “Cyber-Physical Systems”, valuing also advancements based on the “industrial internet” paradigm. In this context further specific system capabilities can actually be exploited through the enhancements which are made viable by the “Internet-of things” approach. The latter one allows indeed networking, identification, tracing and eventually associated sensing of “things”, included human bodies. All the latter capabilities, which refer to system embedding of advanced networked peripheral instrumentation, play an important role in Smart City application sectors, particularly for the “Basic and infrastructural utilities” and “Health, Safety, Security”, dealt with in other sectors. 43

44 1.6 Communications & Information Infrastructures (3) Further system enhancing capabilities can be exploited through the “Big-Data” approach. It refers to the fast increase of large amount of data which can be made accessible through the network (internet). Also the production of “open-data”, for their free access, as it is going to be widely pursued by Public Administration for their free access, is contributing usefully to related service advancements. The “Big-Data” approach is based on the concept that so large amount of data, once made shareable and available through the network, can be transformed in knowledge-bases, which often can become a new, quite-effective and irreplaceable source of knowledge. Associating proficient analytical models and tools, with high computing instrumental capabilities, makes feasible analysis of such large data bases (Big-data), to extract the related knowledge bases effectively. This approach is already considered and pursued as important way to develop new knowledge for supporting scientific research advancements. It can conveniently be adopted also in Smart Cities, they being a proper and evolutionary context for relevant “Big Data” applications. In the Smart City context, systematic extraction of such knowledge-bases is indeed instrumentally enabled by the city smartening approach. Making them effectively available substantially provides knowledge on the dynamics of the local ecosystem, for many contexts of human and social life in the City. Contextually specific knowledge can thus be provided also on the efficiency and efficacy of the systems and services which are aimed at basically supporting the needed quality of City life. Consequently proper specific models and analytical tools can be exploited also for prediction of the local ecosystem dynamics, as needed to support short/medium/long-term development planning, at both the general and sectoral levels. The latter services, referred to “Big-data”, can typically be integrated within the ICT platforms for Smart Cities, copying with related requirements for: i) interoperation and data sharing; ii) distributed, shared and high-performance computing support. 44

45 1.6 Communications & Information Infrastructures (4) The ICT infrastructures and systems, outlined in this paragraph are to be considered as a specific and important background enhancement for the Smart City basic needs. It has to be viewed as a strong enabler of evolution for enhancing also other types of information services, needed by people, enterprises and other organizations, acting as end-users or providers, in their autonomous activities. Therefore such innovation is to be considered as an important general factor for the socio-economic development of the City territory. It is also to be accounted that internet-based systems and services are continuously evolving. Those assets which favour an evolutionary approach are therefore to be preferred. In this concern internet evolution, as promoted in “Future Internet” international programs, is quite relevant, especially for expected infrastructural and system enhancements, included those referred to: privacy, security, interoperability, standardization, reliability, resilience, trust, accountability, legality compliance, cost-tracing,, flexibility for compliance with different business models, personalization, usability, etc. 45

46 2 Macrosector: Health, Safety and Security Even this Smart City application field is targeting innovation and development of systems and services which are to be considered quite essential for people life in the City. Effective services for Health, Safety and Security are indeed naturally strongly felt needs, typically with expectance of a high level of specific protection by people. Their enhancement implies resorting to smart systems providing such type of services as needed both for the operators and citizens. Quality improvements in terms of both efficacy and efficiency of such services, is thus searched for. However, particular attention is to be posed to efficiency to account for unavoidable limitations of the economic resources which can effectively made available for their sustaining. Main application sectors are below highlighted. 46

47 2.1 Health Sistemi “smart” mirati ad elevare la qualità e rendere più efficiente la gestione, fornitura e accessibilità dei servizi sanitari, corrispondono chiaramente ad una esigenza sociale vitale, naturalmente sentita. Miglioramenti attesi riguardano, da un lato, lo sviluppo e la valorizzazione di innovazioni inerenti relativi strumenti, metodi, processi operativi e organizzativi, per l’efficacia dell’assistenza sanitaria (diagnosi, terapia e prevenzione). Ha uno specifico rilievo anche lo sviluppo di nuovi approcci medico-transazionali mirati ad accelerare il trasferimento clinico delle innovazioni. Dall’altro lato, si devono considerare gli avanzamenti che sono particolarmente necessari e strategici per aumentare in generale l’efficienza di sistemi e servizi sanitari. Sistemi “intelligenti” innovativi, che ricorrono sistematicamente a soluzioni basate sulla tecnologia dell’informazione e della comunicazione sono da impiegare sia per supportare: −un sistematico monitoraggio, controllo e gestione delle attività, −l’ottimizzazione dell’integrazione, accesso e fornitura dei servizi finali erogati al paziente, −l’adeguata interoperabilità e integrazione funzionale delle diverse strutture e dei vari operatori sanitari, −una maggiore efficienza, che si traduca in riduzione dei costi unitari dei servizi sanitari, con una loro adeguata accessibilità, fruibilità e connessa capacità di pronto intervento sul proprio territorio, mentre viene garantito il livello di qualità, predeterminato e da assicurarsi, per l’efficacia e la sicurezza degli stessi servizi sanitari. 47

48 2.2 Territorial security (1) In questo settore si prospetta l’impiego di specifici sistemi “intelligenti”, finalizzati ad un significativo aumento del livello di sicurezza sul territorio urbano. La sicurezza in questo contesto è principalmente da riferire a gravi rischi per la salute e la vita umana, nonché a rischi di gravi danni materiali, connessi a disastri naturali, a gravi azioni terroristiche e criminali, nonché a gravi incidenti causati dall’uomo. In questi casi sono richiesti sistemi “intelligenti”, con soluzioni ampiamente basate sulle tecnologie dell’Informazione e della Comunicazione, per diverse azioni, quali: monitoraggio, sorveglianza e controllo delle situazioni, prevenzione, gestione degli interventi in emergenza. Questo implica che varie caratteristiche di base dei sistemi rispondano meglio a requisiti di interoperabilità, integrazione funzionale, affidabilità, flessibilità. E’ implicita una conforme efficace evoluzione delle soluzioni e risorse necessarie per l’organizzazione degli interventi e la comunicazione sociale. In questo contesto sono da includere diversi settori di applicazione per la sicurezza, come di seguito indicato. 48

49 2.2 Territorial security (2) Le “Infrastrutture Critiche” costituiscono uno degli ambiti importanti per la sicurezza territoriale. Includono in particolare le infrastrutture delle utilities di base, riguardanti Energia, Risorse idriche, Trasporti, Comunicazione e Informazione. Lo sviluppo di “Smartness” per le esigenze della sicurezza di tali infrastrutture e dei relativi sistemi, deve anche essere accompagnata da una conforme evoluzione di soluzioni intelligenti per le funzioni di controllo e gestione connessa all’erogazione dei relativi servizi finali. Per lo sviluppo di soluzioni strumentali basate sulle tecnologie ICT che corrispondano ai necessari requisiti di intrinseca sicurezza e dei relativi servizi informativi nei diversi ambiti applicativi delle Smart Cities. A questo riguardo è necessario rispondere ai requisiti trasversali di sicurezza delle relative infrastrutture fisiche e logiche, riferibili a cyber-security e privacy. Altri sistemi sono richiesti per aumentare il livello di sicurezza nel campo della criminalità di ogni genere, incluso il terrorismo. Gli atti terroristici possono peraltro includere come obiettivo dette infrastrutture critiche. Rischi particolarmente gravi si pongono per le aree urbane, a causa dell’alta densità di popolazione. I luoghi molto affollati e gli eventi di grande richiamo possono infatti determinare situazioni ad alto rischio che richiedono soluzioni appositamente mirate. 49

50 2.2 Territorial security (3) Per la sicurezza della popolazione, sistemi specifici devono altresì garantire il monitoraggio, la prevenzione e la gestione delle emergenze causate da disastri naturali (per es. quelli idrogeologici e sismici). Allo stesso modo sistemi appositi devono consentire di contrastare i rischi associati all’inquinamento ambientale. In ogni caso, i sistemi “intelligenti” qui prospettati per una maggiore sicurezza territoriale devono includere gli strumenti indispensabili per la pianificazione delle azioni mirate all’attenuazione del rischio. Questa pianificazione riguarda quindi linee di azione per la prevenzione in ambito urbano e nel connesso territorio, nonché modalità programmate per configurare e attuare modalità di pronto intervento e soccorso in situazioni di emergenza (incluse quelle che richiedono anche l’intervento sanitario e della forza pubblica) 50

51 Macrosector 3: In-door and out-door local living places 3.1 Home-place living L’innovazione tecnologica inerente nuovi materiali, arredi, strumenti e, in particolare, la valorizzazione delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione, consentono di accrescere significativamente la qualità della vita nell’ambiente domiciliare. Particolarmente incisivo a questo riguardo è l’avanzamento tecnologico corrente inquadrabile nel campo della “Domotica” e della Smart Home. Azioni innovative sono mirate in particolare allo sviluppo del supporto strutturalmente necessario per: −semplificare le attività domestiche e migliorarne l’efficienza −incrementare la sicurezza dell’ambiente casalingo −migliorare la vivibilità e la gradevolezza dell’ambiente casalingo −ottimizzare e rendere più vivibile, in ambito familiare, l’accesso casalingo ai servizi di Comunicazione & Informazione per le diverse esigenze personali/familiari (vita familiare, svago, relazioni esterne, lavoro) −agevolare la vita e l’assistenza socio-sanitaria domiciliare delle persone con limitate capacità fisiche e autonomia (con particolare riferimento alle necessità di persone con disabilità e malati cronici). 51

52 3.2 Work-place living In questo ambito si prospetta l’evoluzione di sistemi “intelligenti” a supporto delle attività lavorative, in considerazione delle diverse esigenze e corrispondenti soluzioni per le diverse tipologie di luogo e di finalità del lavoro, nonché alle diverse competenze e funzioni che esso richiede. Ciò implica processi di innovazione a livello strumentale e organizzativo che rispondono, da un lato, alle esigenze di crescita della produttività e qualità della produzione. Allo stesso tempo devono rispondere all’esigenza che la qualità del luogo di lavoro si concili con le esigenze di buona vivibilità, includenti la riduzione di effetti negativi dello stress e la conformità con i requisiti per la salute e la sicurezza degli addetti. Soluzioni specifiche sono perseguibili per il lavoro in ufficio e per il lavoro domiciliare. Altre soluzioni possono riguardare i luoghi di attività commerciale. Esigenze più stringenti si pongono per i luoghi di servizio diretto e assistivo delle persone, particolarmente per quelli riguardanti l’assistenza sanitaria e socio-sanitaria. Soluzioni più varie possono richiedersi per i luoghi di lavoro all’aperto. Un caso è quello dei lavoratori con impiego itinerante. Un altro caso è quello dei lavoratori nei cantieri. Soluzioni particolari, talvolta indispensabili, sono da applicare per i luoghi di produzione per l’industria manifatturiera. Requisiti significativi di sicurezza possono porsi per questi ultimi tipi di luogo e di lavoro. In alcuni casi si manifestano anche contestuali esigenze per la sicurezza della popolazione locale, come per il rischio ambientale derivante da particolari impianti industriali all’interno o nelle vicinanze di aree urbane intensamente popolate. Situazioni assimilabili, seppur ancor più particolari, riguardano i luoghi di assistenza medica per malattie contagiose, ancor più in situazioni epidemiche. 52

53 3.3 Associate evolution of building & architecting The development along the Smart City roadmap is necessarily to be accompanied by definition and deployment of conformed innovative solutions for architecting, and construction of new buildings, as well as for incisive and diffuse enhancement of the structural/functional asset of existing buildings, in the urban area. These types of intervention have primarily to allow effective structural exploitation and integration of the various smart infrastructures, systems and basic services prospected for Smart City development. For this process specific exploitation of further innovative technologies is also needed, as of those referring to production and use of new materials. In the same context enhancing both eco-sustainability and cost-sustainability is a key requirement. Primary objective to be targeted is to find and apply those solutions which are viable for their fast, cost-effective and significantly beneficial deployment in existing buildings. Parallel actions can conveniently be prospected to support also advanced urban planning as made viable through the Smart City approach. City smartness, thanks to the basic and pervasive instrumental support it provides, enables indeed also a quite enhanced capability of knowing urban living situation in progress. Therefore this capability is expected to support enhancement of the analysis and synthesis capabilities, for more proficient urban management & planning. 53

54 3.4 Cultural heritage Smart solutions, based on advanced technology, can provide significant support to recover, diagnose, restore, conserve, make known and pleasantly liveable, the cultural (material/immaterial) heritage of the City and its connected territory. Pieces of art-work, included historical buildings and archaeological places, have often a great relevance and significance within such a heritage. Enhanced specific tools and assets can conveniently support smart communication, presentation and liveability of such heritage, through both physical assets (ex.: museums) and immaterial ones (ex.: based on digital multimedia representation, communication and processing) Smart enhancements in this sector are valuable also as a factor of territorial amenity and attractiveness. 54

55 3.5 Landscape, natural environment and urban adornment Characteristics of landscape, natural environment and urban adornment, within the City and its connected territory, are important territorial factors for local amenity and liveability. Maintaining/enhancing their quality calls for resorting to proficient smart solutions. Smart tools and systems are purposely needed to monitor and control their status and to detect those artificial or natural factors which are going to, or may, degrade landscape and natural environment quality (eventually the related status for safety too). This control capability is to be accompanied by specific policies which allow resorting to proficient actions to counteract such degradations. Local landscape and environment have intrinsic mutual linkage with: the local agriculture development and eco-sustainability; the local ecology; the local culture as historically evolved. Landscape and natural environment conservation (especially when they are particularly amenable), as well as their improvement (especially when it is potentially significant or just indispensable), are to be included among the important factors for territory pleasant living and attractiveness, as well as for conservation and socio- economic exploitation of the local cultural heritage. In this context, also smart solutions and actions for finding, recovering and making archaeological sites liveable are appropriate. Furthermore, a specific conformed approach have to be prospected for sea-land coast areas, with particular reference to those directly connected with the City. In this case pertaining actions refer mainly to the coast landscape, as well as to near-coast sea pollution (affecting people safety, sea ecology and fishery production). 55

56 3.6 joining and experiencing common real life in the City (1) In this context we refer to the smart support that can allow effective, pro-active and pleasant common real living in the City, according to personal needs, interests and preferences. This applies differently to: i) citizens ii) the various types of City new incomers (ex.: short staging workers, long staging workers and students, immigrants, tourists). Such type of support can proficiently be provided by specific integrated “Infomobility services”, based on ad-hoc ICT systems. Personal mobility is indeed implied for a real living of the City. Therefore infomobility services, while include those services needed to end- users for intelligent transportation, are specifically expected to copy widely also with the following information service requirements for City personalized mobile living: service personalization through both “pull” and “push” end services; support for decision making; support for task and mobility pre-start planning, as well as for re-planning during mobility (also through the support of networked locating sensors). Front-end service transparence and usability is also required. It is appropriate, in the City, to resort to an unitary integrated system for such a purpose, while making possible also joint vehiculation of marketing and commerce services, as it can be needed and directly provided by the pertaining commercial operators in the City. For citizens, this smart support essentially pertains to experiencing City living for personal and social activities such as shopping, entertainment, sport, body care, joining cultural and social events in the related living places, etc.. Current regular mobility for work and school activities are herewith not highlighted since typically calling for the transportation services only. 56

57 3.6 joining and experiencing common real life in the City (2) Above services are of interest also for short/long-staging incoming workers, but including services for lodging search. Analogously it holds for long-staging incoming students, but including services for their specific City living needs. For immigrants, specific needs are connected with immigrations rules and their access to assistance services for their local hosting. The prospected services take on a still more specific configurations for tourists (see also next par. C7), by including a stricter connection also with information services supporting transportation. 57

58 3.7 Tourism In many cases “Tourism” is, currently or potentially, a significant resource for the economy of the City and its connected territory. Sometimes it can also needs proper ways for a common equilibrated life in the same territory for residents and tourists. As already singly pointed out, various qualifying City features can become distinctive attractiveness factors for its territory, significantly exploitable for tourism development. They are primarily to be referred to the local characters of: landscape and natural environment, cultural heritage, food, common City life. Therefore, smart solutions already prospected for their improvement concur to sustain tourism development. Smart solution and actions are to be considered also for planning tourism development, by accounting also for its impact in the overall City liveability when it is relevant. This has typically more relevance in specific seasonal periods, when large presence of tourist occurs. In this cases it can anyway be advisable and convenient that such a presence becomes more regularly distributed during the year. Smart policies which can promote that approach are advisable. In specific cases, the increase of tourist presence in low seasons, also for long staging can purposely and conveniently be promoted. This can meet requirements of elderly work-retired people, of other regions and countries, especially if the local climate in the touristic site is comparatively quite better in the same season. For the latter approach assistance and social inclusive services should locally be set too, to be provided to such long-staging tourists, tuned to their local living needs. In this latter context, specific needs of foreign long-staging tourists can be accounted for also by promoting their local connection and participation in specific communities. 58

59 Macrosector 4: Citizenship, social inclusion and cohesion, education and socio-cultural evolution Specific smart public assets have to be developed and deployed also in this field, to enhance services needed for meeting related basic social needs of citizens. This is also an indispensable requirement for both sustaining and exploiting locally effective socio-economic development. It is expected that the needed smartness in this field be widely grounded on appropriate network-based information & communication services made commonly available and usable by citizen. For this purpose, those basic advancements of Communication &Information infrastructures, as generally prospected in par.1.6, are an enabling needed factor. Such services, purposely provided through ICT systems, have strictly to comply with important requirements to be accounted by those subjects (included Public Administrations) which are in charge of their provision. Requirements include: efficacy and efficiency; extensive accessibility and usability; provision of additional direct assistance in the unavoidable cases of insufficient usability for particular end-users; easy and transparent integration of the needed composition of services to be jointly provided by different social actors. Applications in this field can imply also to support both setting and operation of proactive relations within specific social communities. Social networking through Internet is a useful mean for that. However, joint resorting also to experiential and direct living assets can result as being quite proficient. In this concern also the support of Living Labs., set and made available within the territory, can be appropriate for the said objective. That refers to an extended concept of Living Lab., how specifically pointed out in the next Sect. 4. Specific sectors to be included for applying these approaches, are below pointed out. 59

60 4.1 Governmement and justice (1) “Government” is first to be considered with reference to those administrative services provided by Public Administrations and accessed by citizens, to exercise their public rights and duties. Same type of services, delivered to enterprises and other organizations, are included. Among the relevant front-end processes there are: declarations, taxations, certifications, authorizations, access to assistance services, etc.. Resorting to on-line (e-government) services for such purpose is to become an ordinary common approach. However, this enhancement should be accompanied by utmost reduction of complexity of bureaucracy. In this concern, low complexity is also to be considered as a territorial attractiveness factor (especially for business and investment). Contextual efficient interoperability among different Public Administration bodies (and their information systems) is an additional basic requirement for that. Making effective the above approach, while allowing construction of high-quality related information bases, can enable joint resorting of analytical tools and methods which enhance support for control and planning, to improve management of Public Administrations, as well as of the pertaining public-institutional policies. 60

61 4.1 Governmement and justice (2) Participation of citizens at the processes for working out the legislative and administrative actions of Government is a perspective which in many cases is increasingly promoted. This evolution is typically pursued by purposely exploiting social networking through Internet. This is tuned with an emerging view which is targeting a more effective democracy, through “e-democracy”. Actually a more extended participation of citizen to the Government processes is an objective to be pursued, aiming at increasing efficiency, efficacy, public awareness and acceptance of Governmental actions. Suitable assets, including network based services, are actually prospectable for such a purpose, by fitting the related requirements for optimally supporting: communications, information, knowledge and constructive working-out, with the needed involvement of different social actors. 61

62 4.1 Governmement and justice (3) “Justice” is an important public service which can remarkably benefit from the intensive exploitation of the smart approach, based on advanced ICT systems. The significant improvement of justice system efficiency, which can thus be expected, is particularly relevant. It can indeed allow improvement of: organization and management, document management and front-end public services. Significant improvement of efficiency is expected in terms of reduction of juridical proceeding duration and related cost. Such improvement is beneficial for its following effects: - it allows better assurance of public rights for justice - consequently also a more ethical behaviour is indirectly enforced inside society (even locally) - the territory is thus made more attractive (also for business development and investment) 62

63 4.2 Welfare and social inclusion Questo settore si riferisce ad esigenze primarie delle categorie sociali che soffrono o rischiano l’esclusione sociale e che impongono il ricorso ad un’assistenza sociale conforme, attribuendo ad essa una valenza “civica”. Servizi “intelligenti” appositi devono quindi essere concepiti ed erogati per migliorare il sostegno all’inclusione di varie categorie sociali, che possono comprendere: persone diversamente abili; immigrati da inserire nella vita sociale e lavorativa; giovani disoccupati; adulti che hanno perso il lavoro; famiglie povere; ragazzi che hanno abbandonato la scuola e sono da reinserire in processi di formazione; orfani, persone che necessitano di assistenza socio- sanitaria; detenuti ed ex-detenuti. Ciò comporta il ricorso a: servizi in rete dedicati; integrazione in specifiche comunità (reali e/o virtuali): assistenza personale diretta (soprattutto ove divenga indispensabile). 63

64 4.3 Ageing (1) L’invecchiamento della popolazione pone un problema specifico nella società moderna. La rilevanza sociale della popolazione anziana cresce con l’aumento della durata della vita media. In molti paesi avanzati la percentuale della popolazione che supera i 65 anni d’età sta crescendo notevolmente e spesso, in varie nazioni, già supera notevolmente quella dei giovani in età minorile. L’approccio abituale risulta inadeguato ad affrontare i loro bisogni e contrastare la loro esclusione sociale, per incrementare il loro benessere e la loro valorizzazione nella società. La forma attuale di welfare che è principalmente adottata è il ricorso al pensionamento in base all’età. Nel contempo la perdita anticipata dell’occupazione lavorativa, prima di raggiungere la copertura pensionistica, sta emergendo come ulteriore tendenza negativa. Interrompere o ridurre drasticamente l’attività produttiva della persona tende a divenire un fattore di accelerazione e non ritorno verso l’esclusione sociale della popolazione più anziana. Questo è di per sé un elemento che danneggia il benessere e la vitalità di tali persone, contribuendo anche ad accelerare il loro declino fisico, psicofisico e sociale. In questa condizione, anche i problemi psicologici possono pertanto aggravarsi più rapidamente. 64

65 4.3 Ageing (2) Per porre argini a tale rapida decadenza è opportuno considerare le azioni che possono tenere conto di specifici fattori che incidono sul benessere della popolazione anziana, ma anche tradursi in benefici per la società nel suo complesso, ovvero: - l’esperienza degli anziani dovrebbe essere valorizzata e fruita socialmente, per quanto possibile e benefico, come capitale sociale di conoscenza - tale utilizzo richiede l’individuazione e adozione di modalità adeguate per il loro specifico inserimento sociale e lavorativo, in termini rinnovati, tipicamente graduati con l’avanzamento dell’età e comunque vantaggiosi anche per la società - l’enucleazione e l’animazione di spazi lavorativi e sociali virtuosi di integrazione intergenerazionale, soprattutto con i giovani, può essere particolarmente appropriata per tali scopi - a questo riguardo sono molto importanti soluzioni che prevedano strumenti e servizi che facilitino l’integrazione sociale e il mantenimento di autonomia di vita ed attività mentale degli anziani - un’apposita loro formazione, che coinvolga anche le relative famiglie, come pure altre specifiche comunità sociali, può essere importante per il mantenere ad adeguato livello la loro inclusione sociale - è da promuovere la loro familiarità con servizi e strumenti digitali che devono essere appositamente adattati, per loro esigenze di comunicazione, informazione, inserimento in specifiche smart communities, socializzazione e svago. 65

66 4.3 Ageing (3) Conseguenti azioni e servizi devono pertanto mirare ai seguenti benefici: - migliorare e prolungare nel tempo il benessere sociale degli anziani, rendendoli allo stesso tempo più proattivi, anche come capitale umano ancora valorizzabile per l’intera Società - contribuire a ritardare la loro perdita di autonomia e capacità fisica e psico- fisica - ridurre di conseguenza i relativi costi del welfare, principalmente connessi a bisogni di assistenza socio-sanitaria. Anche riuscendo a ritardare l’emergenza di bisogni di assistenza socio-sanitaria, questi crescono comunque con l’età, particolarmente per effetto di malattie e deficit fisico a carattere cronico. In base alla situazione socio-sanitaria personale e alle esigenze di cura, tipici luoghi di base per ricevere tale assistenza possono essere (tipicamente in via progressiva) l’abitazione, il ricovero semiresidenziale e quello residenziale. Strumenti e servizi “intelligenti” appropriati si prospettano anche per consentire, con costi sostenibili, una migliore vivibilità di tali ambienti, secondo le esigenze socio-sanitarie specifiche degli anziani, mantenendo nel contempo la continuità del sostegno per il loro inserimento nel contesto sociale, per quanto e come risulta perseguibile. 66

67 4.4 School Un importante obiettivo è l’innovazione nell’educazione nella Scuola, fino alla scuola superiore inclusa. La sua evoluzione “intelligente” deve andare incontro a esigenze e ad opportunità che emergono come conseguenza dei correnti rapidi processi di innovazione che stanno trasformando la società. Uno dei fattori rilevanti è certamente lo sviluppo della Società dell’Informazione e della Conoscenza, alimentata dalla diffusione e l’evoluzione delle tecnologie ICT. Questo ha peraltro un impatto crescente sugli strumenti e metodi per la formazione (e-learning). Altro fattore importante è connesso con l’evoluzione culturale che si richiede, continuamente spinta dall’intensità e dalla rapidità dei vari processi di innovazione che trasformano il contesto socio- economico. Questo comporta che i processi di conoscenza e apprendimento scolastico debbano rispondere sempre più ai seguenti requisiti: - sia acquisita dagli studenti una solida conoscenza di base, come capitale personale stabile, che risulta essere la più valida per consentire progressivamente anche un più agevole accesso ad ulteriori specifici indirizzi di formazione, in considerazione anche delle flessibilità che l’occupazione lavorativa può richiedere sempre più nel corso della vita, per effetto dei continui e rapidi processi di innovazione e delle connesse trasformazioni del contesto sociale ed economico - gli studenti acquisiscano propensione ed efficaci metodi per la formazione continua, anche attraverso l’auto-apprendimento oltre che all’apprendimento assistito - l’acquisizione di conoscenze specifiche da parte di studenti, che siano orientate ad una specializzazione professionale, sia basata anche su esperienze che si inseriscono più direttamente nei correnti contesti di innovazione Servizi e strumenti digitali per la comunicazione e l’informazione sono certamente uno strumento importante per la formazione. In questo ambito un’evoluzione è necessaria per migliorare l’efficacia dei metodi di apprendimento e dei servizi erogati. Un significativo ambito evolutivo sono gli spazi che si aprano alla sperimentazione di nuova creatività, che possono coinvolgere istintivamente gli studenti e stimolarne apprendimento e sviluppo di nuove capacità. 67

68 4.5 University (1) L’Università è un soggetto fondamentale per alimentare, con nuove conoscenze e con giovani e qualificate risorse umane, i processi d’innovazione per un nuovo sviluppo. Essa è quindi chiamata a svolgere un ruolo importante per lo sviluppo delle Smart Cities, con apporti che si adattino ai caratteri peculiari dei loro processi di innovazione e modelli di sviluppo. Ciò che richiede corrispondenti azioni universitarie per un conforme adeguamento del proprio approccio, sia al proprio interno, sia verso l’esterno, e in particolare con il proprio territorio. A questo riguardo è significativo il risultato di un recente censimento sull’intensità e qualità dello sviluppo delle Smart Cities negli USA. Esso evidenzia che le prime cento città della relativa graduatoria non sono metropoli e sono quasi tutte sedi di qualificate università. In effetti, l’azione dell’Università è particolarmente necessaria per: la coltivazione di conformi basi scientifiche arricchite dai necessari apporti multidisciplinari; la loro contestualizzazione nei nuovi modelli di sviluppo socio-economico di riferimento, in connessione anche a nuove esigenze e nuovi indirizzi a livello applicativo; un approccio educativo collegato a processi di innovazione, in cooperazione con il mondo esterno e particolarmente con la propria Città, mirando ad agevolare il necessario e importante inserimento dei giovani in tali processi di innovazione; lo sviluppo di conformi e incisive collaborazioni a livello nazionale e internazionale, valorizzabili anche in joint ventures internazionali, basate su un approccio “glo-cal” dello sviluppo delle Smart Cities. 68

69 4.5 University (2) Nel contesto didattico ha rilievo l’adeguamento dei percorsi formativi, volto ad assicurare, in prima istanza, una solida preparazione di base. Essa risponde anche all’esigenza di agevolare incisivi successivi percorsi, di formazione continua ed anche di conversione, che la rapidità e continuità delle innovazioni e delle connesse trasformazioni socio-economiche impongono sempre più nel corso della vita lavorativa. La contestuale preparazione più professionalizzante è opportuno che si rivolga in modo diretto a specifici contesti di corrente innovazione che corrispondono anche a reali opportunità lavorative. Il ricorso a nuovi strumenti e metodi, che lo sviluppo della Società, dell’Informazione e della Conoscenza rende o potrà rendere disponibili per la ricerca e l’apprendimento, è certamente altro ambito importante di azione per l’innovazione della didattica e della ricerca universitaria. In suddetto contesto hanno rilievo alcune iniziative che ha in corso l’Università di Firenze. Il 7/05/2013 nell’ambito del Festival dell’Europa ha avuto luogo il workshop internazionale “Smart Università along with Smart City – For a new Eco-system Glo- cal Evolution” [2]. Esso ha focalizzato un quadro di riferimento per lo sviluppo delle Smart Cities, con il quale si allinea quanto esposto nel presente capitolo. In tale quadro è approfondita anche la connessione con l’apporto dell’Università. Come primo fall-out del workshop si prospettano possibilità per cooperazioni internazionali con primi collegamenti attivati con il contesto pan-arabo e cinese. Nel frattempo è in corso una iniziativa all’interno dell’Università di Firenze, per una specifica joint-venture “Città e Università di Firenze” che si ritiene opportuno prospettare, anche per lo sviluppo della Smart City nella stessa città. 69

70 4.6 Communication and social-cultural evolution (1) I caratteri e gli incisivi effetti della continua innovazione e della conseguente continua trasformazione, che vengono a prospettarsi per il contesto socio-economico, con lo sviluppo della Smart City, impongono necessariamente una parallela e armonica evoluzione socio-culturale sul medesimo territorio. L’evoluzione socio-culturale deve portare una adeguata e diffusa consapevolezza e proattività sociale, in quanto essa è indispensabile per percorrere la strada di continuo cambiamento che le linee per il nuovo sviluppo impongono. La complessità di questa evoluzione eco-sistemica, oltre a mettere a frutto le notevoli potenzialità delle nuove tecnologie, richiede una forte crescita di coesione sociale, attraverso anche una base culturale sintonicamente evolvente e socialmente diffusa. La necessità di evoluzione socio-culturale si associa anche alla crescita di importanza del “saper vivere” e dell’esigenza di sua valorizzazione strutturale per un nuovo sviluppo. A questo riguardo hanno indubbiamente primario rilievo conformi processi educativi nella scuola e nelle università, rivolti quindi ai giovani. Tuttavia l’evoluzione socio- culturale deve avere come target l’intera cittadinanza, tenendo conto della dinamica culturale necessariamente richiesta per la continuità e rapidità dei processi di innovazione. In questo quadro risulta pertanto motivata anche l’attivazione di Living- Lab che, mentre supportano la partecipazione sociale ai processi di innovazione, possono svolgere una funzione di supporto allo sviluppo socio-culturale, promuovendo e valorizzando anche la contestuale attivazione di specifiche Smart Communities. 70

71 4.6 Communication and social-cultural evolution (1) Molto importante è anche il supporto ad azioni sistematiche ed incisive di “comunicazione sociale”, aventi detto carattere e finalità culturale, rivolte alla popolazione nel suo insieme. Un contributo determinante può essere fornito quindi anche dai vari “media” che si orientino in misura e forma adeguata a questo tipo di comunicazione. Tuttavia si richiede un approccio incisivo e convergente, da parte sia delle pubbliche istituzioni, sia del mondo produttivo e, in definitiva, anche degli operatori dei vari “media”, che possa condurre a un’efficace comunicazione socio- culturale per dette finalità. 71