Phrases II verbs

Tenses: lack of equivalence English>Italian No progressive aspect for perfective tenses I have been working I had been working I’ll have been working

1. I know that everyone has been working hard towards this result and that everyone has had to make certain compromises. 2. Sarah Brightman has been working with her former husband Andrew Lloyd Webber on a song she can perform in space. The British soprano, who is training at Star City near Moscow, is due to blast off on a Russian Soyuz craft on 1 September. The 54-year-old will spend 10 days aboard the International Space Station (ISS), 260 miles (420 km) above Earth. Brightman said singing in space was a "very different" proposition to performing on Earth. Speaking at a press conference in central London, the Phantom of the Opera star said her team were trying to work out the technical details of performing on the ISS.

1. Lufthansa said the co-pilot had been working for them since September 2013 and had 630 hours of flight experience. 2. Now, I had been working on other topics: the emergence of infectious diseases, which come out of the natural ecosystems of the Earth, make a trans- species jump, and get into humans. 3. In the summer of 1969 I decided to open a gallery. I had been working at the ICA for a while; when they moved from Dover Street to the Mall I had offered to help and was put in the accounts department – not really my forte, but still.

English > Italian Simple past corresponds to two types of past simple tenses Worked > lavorai/lavoravo At election time in a Labour mill town she put a picture of the Conservative candidate in the window

English > Italian The past perfect simple corresponds to two types of past perfect simple tenses I had worked > ebbi lavorato/avevo lavorato

the French authorities have come to the conclusion that after the aircraft had reached cruising altitude, the captain left the cockpit for a short time and was then unable to re-enter. – Ebbe raggiunto or aveva raggiunto? I had worked long enough to have paid up my state pension in full, until the gits changed the rules. – Ebbi lavorato or avevo lavorato

Trapasato remoto vs prossimo trapassato remoto indica principalmente un evento compiuto in un passato immediatamente prossimo a un altro evento passato, in generale espresso dal passato remoto.passato remoto A differenza della costruzione con il trapassato prossimo, che può occorrere anche in frasi principali, il trapassato remoto appare obbligatoriamente solo in frasi subordinate Nella lingua d’oggi è una forma praticamente inesistente, dato che il suo uso è ristretto alla lingua letteraria di tono elevato e a volte arcaizzante. (1) quando tutti ebbero bevuto, l’umore migliorò notevolmente (2) dopo che le ragazze furono partite, i genitori se ne tornarono a casa A differenza del trapassato prossimo, il trapassato remoto non può apparire quando il momento di riferimento non è percepito come collocato immediatamente dopo la conclusione del momento dell’avvenimento: a. quando Carlo aveva finito di mangiare da una buona oretta, andò in spiaggia b. *quando Carlo ebbe finito di mangiare da una buona oretta, andò in spiaggia

Italian > English When rendering Italian perfective verbs (passato prossimo e remoto), simple or progressive?

1. some verbs are not used in the progressive form (be, have, known…) – È stato male tutta la settimana > he’s been ill all week – Lo conosco solo da due giorni > _____________________________________ – Ha il raffreddore da martedì > ____________________________________

Progressive forms are used mostly for shorter, temporary, non-completed actions and situations. – That man has been standing on the corner all day Vs – For 900 years the castle has stood on the hill above the village

Progressive or simple? Ultimamente non sto lavorando molto bene Non lavora da anni Negli ultimi 2 anni ho lavorato come baby- sitter, ma non è un lavoro che si può fare tutta la vita. Lavoro come agente immobiliare per Century Residential da due anni e mezzo, e trovo che sia molto gratificante.

How much? How often? Simple present perfect – I’ve been planting rose bushes all afternoon vs – Look at the rose bushes I’ve planted! Abbiamo pitturato la casa tutto il giorno Abbiamo pitturato due stanze dall’ora di pranzo Ho giocato a tennis tre volte questa settimana

Other diffferences Italian: progressive aspect used to underline, not denote, the developing nature of an action – It’s raining > piove /sta piovendo Future in subordinate clauses introduced by time conjunctions: allowed in Italian, not in English – Appena sarà pronta > as soon as it is ready – Appena il vino sarà evaporato > when the wine has evaporated

The future Present forms or will? General rule:use will if there is not a good reason for using present forms Present forms – For events that have some present reality arrangement/decision that exist now – Commands (when you insist that people do/do not do things)

More on will. Impersonal, official arrangements – The princess will arrive at 10. Orders (without insistance) – “You will start work at 6 o’clock”. Predictions, when there is no obvious external evidence – I reckno it’ll cost £3,000 to put in new lights Decisions taken at the time of speech – A: The phone’s ringing B: I’ll answer it Inference about what is probably or likely the case, about the present or past – somebody at the door: that’ll be the postman – Don’t phone them now: they’ll be having dinner – As you will have noticed… – It’s no use expecting barry to turn up: he’ll have forgotten

The future Present continuous – What are you doing tonight? I’m washing my hair Commonly used for personal arrangements (hence not used for predictions of events that are outside people’s control: NOT It’s snowing before long) Often used with verbs of movement – Are you coming to the pub?

Going to Actions planned or decided (emphasis on intention) – Who’s going to cook lunch (emphasis on decision) Things on the way – They’re going to have a baby – It’s going to snow before long Often used in speech

Perché lavori così tanto? Perché sono felice solo quando sono impegnato. Vedi quelle nuvole? Verrà a piovere. Le strade sono ghiacciate. Stai attento quando torni a casa domani.

Further practice: Laviosa, translation task Cinque anni sono passati dal primo festival

L’edizione del 1997 è stata finora la più riuscita, e questo sia per la scelta del luogo, sia per il fatto che non è stata trasmessa in diretta TV ma in differita Edizione=production Trasmettere in diretta/differita=To broadcast live vs to record

Il pubblico ha affollato [flock to] il festival tutte le sere e l’atmosfera che si è creata è stata senza precedenti

Siamo già al lavoro per la prossima edizione, che si terrà da domenica 12 a domenica Una delle serate sarà dedicata ai vent’anni dalla scomparsa di Joe Venuti, che negli anni ‘20 per primo inserì il violino nel Jazz.