3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Status report di LHCf O. Adriani Catania, CSN1, 3 Luglio 2006 Un po’ di storia – Technical report TDR Approvazione di LHCC Struttura finale del rivelatore Prossimi passi Situazione finanziaria

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Letter Of Intent: May 2004 Technical report: September 2005 Technical Design Report: February 2006 The physics goals are worthwhile and the proposed experiment appears suited to achieve them A few key issues require immediate consideration, and documentation in the update of the TP: establish official contact with the relevant structures in the AT/AB departments, as well as in ATLAS etc… appoint a technical coordinator (possibly located at CERN?) consider and document safety issues On the other hand: the TP is not sufficiently detailed and fails to provide a solid and compelling evidence that the above expectations are justified LHCC October 2005 comments: TDR was released to answer to these questions

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani LHCf Technical Design Report CERN-LHCC LHCF-TDR February 2006 Measurement of Photons and Neutral Pions in the Very Forward Region of LHC O. Adriani(1), L. Bonechi(1), M. Bongi(1), R. D’Alessandro(1), D.A. Faus(2), M. Haguenauer(3), Y. Itow (4), K. Kasahara(5), K. Masuda(4), Y. Matsubara(4), H. Menjo(4), Y. Muraki(4), P. Papini(1), T. Sako(4), T. Tamura(6), S. Torii(7), A. Tricomi(8), W.C. Turner(9), J. Velasco(2), K. Yoshida(6) The LHCf collaboration (1) INFN Firenze, Univ. di Firenze, Firenze, Italy (2) IFIC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UVEG, Valencia, Spain (3) Ecole-Polytechnique, Paris, France (4) STE laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan (5) Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan (6) Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan (7) RISE, Waseda Univ., Tokyo, Japan (8) INFN Catania, Univ. di Catania, Catania, Italy (9) LBNL, Berkeley, California, USA

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani TDR was presented in the March 2006 LHCC Open Session LHCC discussed TDR in the Closed sessions of March and May 2006 ‘The LHCC reccomends the LHCf TDR for approval’ (Cern/LHCC /G-116, 7 June 2006) To minimize the impact of LHCf on LHC commissioning the following conditions have been defined in agreement with the LHC commissioning working group: LHCf is installed during scheduled stops before the pilot physics run. LHCf detectors will not move. No particular requirements on beam conditions and no beam steering for LHCf will be requested. It is possible to remove LHCf within a day and to schedule this such that no extra downtime for the machine is required. It should be possible for the machine group to perform tests with crossing angles up to ±200 μrad and orbit offsets up to 1 mm at the IP without constraint from LHCf. The final details of the installation and operation schedule will be reviewed at a later stage, once the overall schedule and planning of the commissioning run will have been finalized. Despite the technical limitations of the proposed detectors, as outlined in Section 3 the LHCC finds the technologies adopted for the various components of the LHCf experiment adequate to achieve the physics goals stated in the Technical Proposal and congratulates the LHCf Collaboration for the effort, which went into the preparations for this document. The LHCC recommends the LHCf TDR for approval.

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani The dominant contribution to the energy flux is in the very forward region (   0) In this forward region the highest energy available measurements of  0 cross section were done by UA7 (E=10 14 eV, y = 5÷7) Development of atmospheric showers Simulation of an atmospheric shower due to a eV proton. The direct measurement of the  production cross section as function of p T is essential to correctly estimate the energy of the primary cosmic rays (LHC: eV)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani INTERACTION POINT Beam line Detector II Tungsten Scintillator Silicon  strips Detector I Tungsten Scintillator Scintillating fibers 140 m 1.Redundancy 2.Background rejection (especially beam-gas) Experimental Method: 2 independent detectors on both sides of IP IP1 (Atlas region) was definitely chosen in October 2005

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani The TAN and LHCf marble shielding manipulator boxes for DAQ electronic box ~ (15 × 15 × 40) cm 3 IP1 (Atlas region) was definitely chosen in October 2005

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani ARM #1 detector scintillators tungsten layers scintillating fibers - 2 towers (2.0  2.0cm 2 and 4.0  4.0 cm 2 ) ~47 r.l. (22  2.1 r.l. tungsten layers) 16 scintillator layers (3 mm thick) - 4 pairs of scintillating fiber layers for tracking purpose (two orthogonal directions) Energy Impact point (  )

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani ARM #2 detector silicon layers scintillators tungsten layers - 2 towers (2.5  2.5cm 2 and 3.5  3.5 cm 2 ) 44 r.l. (22  2 r.l. tungsten layers) 16 scintillator layers (3 mm thick) - 4 pairs of silicon microstrip layers for tracking purpose (X and Y directions) Energy Impact point (  ) See TDR for details… We used LHC style electronics and readout

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Detector #2 (Old geometry) 4 cm 3 cm 2 cm 6.4 cm W + Sci Silicon Beam center

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Transverse projection of detector #2 in the TAN slot Maximization of the acceptance in R (distance from beam center)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani The mechanics of the module Silicon sensor Hybrid circuit Pace Chips Kapton fanout SiliconX SiliconY Tungsten Light Guides + Scintillators 25 mm

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Readout electronics LHC style electronics (Many thanks to CMS!!!!) DOH GOL CCU PLL QPLL … PACE3 chips (CMS preshower) We have developed Hybrid circuit (Left+Right) Mother Board (Logic) Adc Piggy Back board DAQ: GOL + Gbit ethernet

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani LHCf physics measurements 1.Single photon spectrum  0 fully reconstructed (1  in each tower)  0 reconstruction is an important tool for energy calibration (  0 mass constraint) Basic concept: minimum 2 towers (  0 reconstruction) Smallest tower on the beam (multiple hits) Dimension of the tower  Moliere radius Maximum acceptance (given the LHC constraints) Simulation is used to understand the physics performances Beam test in Summer 2004 (Energy resolution)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Development of showers in Arm #2 E γ = 500 GeV Fluka based simulation

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Position resolution of Arm #2 calorimeter 7  m for 1.8 TeV photons

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Monte Carlo  ray energy spectrum (5% Energy resolution is taken into account) 10 6 generated LHC interactions  1 minute 29 cm -2 s -1 luminosity Discrimination between various models is feasible Quantitative discrimination with the help of a properly defined  2 discriminating variable based on the spectrum shape (see TDR for details)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Energy spectrum of π 0 expected from different models (Typical energy resolution of  is 3 % at 1TeV)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Model dependence of neutron energy distribution Original n energy 30% energy resolution

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Estimation of the background beam-beam pipe  answered (on Nov.16), E γ (signal) > 200 GeV, OK background < 1% (see details in TDR) beam-gas  answered (on Nov.16) It depends on the beam condition background < 1% (under Torr)(see details in TDR) beam halo-beam pipe  It has been newly estimated from the beam loss rate Background < 10% (conservative value)(see details in TDR)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Background from the beam pipe

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Support from CERN for Integration We had (and we will have!) continuous meetings with CERN teams General : TS/LEA Integration: TS/IC Cabling: TS/EL Cooling: TS/CV Survey (cabling): TS/SU Safety: SG Radiation protection: SC/RP ATLAS, BRAN, ZDC teams Engineering Change Request (ECR) has been submitted and approved: Machine people are well informed about LHCf No problems foreseen for the LHCf installation at the LHC startup Main item to be discussed is the BRAN (LUMI) interference (see later) Technical coordinator

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Installation plan A detailed installation plan has been agreed with TS/LEA Arm #1: 128 days from May 2006 to November 2006 Cables tray  Done Cables Detector Manipulator Electronics Tests Arm #2: 210 days from May 2006 to February 2007, similar to #1 LHCf Arm #1 and #2 will be ready to take the first LHC data….. (Beam test of the complete Arm #1 and part of the Arm #2 is foreseen August 28 th, September 3 rd at SPS)

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani LHCf and LUMI monitor (BRAN) LUMI monitor (BRAN) inside TAN is beyond LHCf (replacing 4th copper bar) LHCf Lumi Cu Bar / ZDC IP1 LHCf Lumi Cu Bar / ZDC LHCf  44 X 0 thickness But the thickness is not uniform (diamond shaped towers, no material outside towers) LUMI Monitor see different thickness of material in different geometrical regions  different response as function of the impact point position (calibration is required) reduction of the number of neutral particles hitting BRAN possible dependence of the detector response as function of the beam position? Result:  If beam displacement is < a few mm, difference is < 10%  LHCf itself can provide the center of neutral flux  LHCf can give some info on Luminosity measurement

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Optimal LHCf run conditions Beam parameters used for commissioning are good for LHCf!!! Beam parameter Value # of bunches ≤ 43 Bunch separation > 2  sec Crossing angle 0 rad 140  rad downward Luminosity per bunch < 2 x cm -2 s -1 Luminosity < 0.8 x cm -2 s -1 Bunch intensity4x10 10 ppb (  *=18m) 1x10 10 ppb (  *= 1m) ( No radiation problem for 10kGy by a “year” operation with this luminosity )

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani LHCf possible running scenario Phase-I – Parasite running during the early stage of LHC commissioning in 2007 ( TeV) and in 2008 (7+7 TeV) – Remove the detector when luminosity reaches cm -2 s -1 level for radiation reason and reinstall the 3 Cu bars (no activation problems) Phase-II –Re-install the detector at the next opportunity of low luminosity run after removal of Cu bars (activated to mSv/hr, manipulator?) Phase-III –Future extension for p-A, A-A run with upgraded detectors.

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Status of the silicon part Silicon sensors In our hands Preamplifiers (PACE3, Low cost solution) In our hands Kapton fanouts and pitch adapters 50% in our hands 50% in production Hybrid circuits First prototype ‘Left’ in our hands Final prototype in production Mechanics In production in the Florence workshop Detector side

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Status of the silicon part Electronic side All service chips from CMS in our hands Adc Boards Prototype in our hands Mother board (Logic) Protoype in our hand DAQ Standard Gbit ethernet foreseen

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani The hybrid and the cables PACE3

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani The readout and ADC boards QPLL PLL CCUM ADC

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Beam test (SPS August 2006) First module assembly for the beam test is under way  INFN Milestone!!!! We have everything in our hands to start assembly Japan people will come in Florence on August 1 th to integrate the Arm #2 calorimeter and the silicon module Final production If test beam will be OK the remaining modules will be produced before the end of the 2006 Ready for installation in February 2007 according to the LHC Schedule (and to INFN Milestones) Commissioning of the detector in February 2007 inside the TAN

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani E ora i soldi… (in italiano!) Assegnazioni a settembre 2005 (escluse missioni + trasporti): Consumo: 15 k€ + 8 k€ SJ Apparati: 64 k€ + 5 k€ SJ Inventariabile:0 k€ + 12 k€ SJ Motivazioni Sub Judice: Consumo:‘Assegnazione complessiva meccanica, elettronica e sviluppi…’ Apparati: ‘Necessita definizione finale preamplificatori’ Inventariabile: ‘Possibilità di reperire ADC’ Sblocco Sub Judice: Dato che l’esperimento è stato approvato ed in fase di avanzata costruzione si chiede lo sblocco del Sub Judice per le voci di: Consumo (8 k€); Apparati (5 k€): per i preamplificatori è stata definitivamente adottata la soluzione ‘Low Cost’ (PACE3).

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Il preventivo delle spese preventivate preparato a luglio 2006 è stato rispettato completamente. Le voci di spesa preventivate più rilevanti sono state: Silici Preamplificatori Circuiti ibridi e fanout di Kapton Schede ADC Schede ReadOut Per queste voci era stata assegnata una cifra complessiva (incluso il Sub Judice di cui si è chiesto lo sblocco) di 88 k€, ripartita tra consumo (19 k€ ) e apparati (69 k€). Le spese già effettuate e previste nei prossimi mesi per queste voci sono risultate di 86 k€ Resoconto delle spese preventivate sostenute finora

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Esigenze non previste precedentemente ai preventivi INFN del luglio 2005 dovute a richieste del personale CERN (TS/LEA, LHC) e a decisioni di LHCC 1. Non è possibile installare gli alimentatori nella zona del tunnel vicino all’area sperimentale (Counting Room USA15 di Atlas, a circa 200 m dalla zona sperimentale)  acquisto di cavi in quantità rilevante (complessivamente oltre 20 km di cavi);  la loro stesura nel tunnel di LHC. 2. Installazione e modifica delle infrastrutture nella zona della TAN  installazione di prese per 220 V;  foratura della TAN per l’interfaccia meccanica di LHCf;  modifica della documentazione CERN esistente per tenere conto dell’installazione di LHCf;  studio della necessità di un sistema di raffreddamento ad acqua Costi previsti: Cavi:23 k€ Stesura dei cavi nel tunnel:22 k€ Installazione prese 220 V:2.5 k€ Foratura TAN:0.5 k€ Modifica della documentazione: 1 k€ Studio del cooling:1 k€ Totale50 k€ Spese effettuate attraverso il CERN (materiale di magazzino e lavori pagati alle divisioni di supporto per gli esperimenti) Ripartizione al 50% tra Giappone (25 k€)e Italia (25 k€) Si richiede la corrispondente assegnazione all’INFN (25 k€) sotto il capitolo ‘Costruzione apparati’, ripartita tra lo sblocco del Sub Judice di Inventariabile (12 k€) e una nuova assegnazione (13 k€) Spese non previste e richieste aggiuntive

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Spares

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Main problems in High Energy Cosmic Rays (E>10 15 eV) 1.Composition X max (g/cm 2 ) Energy (eV) 2.Spectrum / GZK Cutoff

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Single  geometrical acceptance Some runs with LHCf vertically shifted few cm will allow to cover the whole kinematical range

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani  0 geometrical acceptance Arm #1 Arm #2

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani  0 mass resolution Arm #1  E/E=5% 200  m spatial resolution  m/m = 5%

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Arm #1Arm #2 H.Menjo Relative change of the reduction factors for BRAN with respect to the nominal value (center of the beam: nominal one) BRAN response vs beam position (2) If the position of beam center stays within a few mm from the beam-pipe center, the reduction factors do not change more than 10% 1 x 1 cm 2 1 x 1 cm 2

3 Luglio 2006LHCf – CSN1 CataniaO. Adriani Determination of neutral flux center by LHCf LHCf can measure (and provide to LHC) the center of neutral flux from the collisions Position sensitive layers particles If the center of the neutral flux hits LHCf  << 1 mm resolution Beam test result  ~ 200  m