The industrial revolution Unit 3. The age of revolutions Ch. 8 The industrial revolution S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Steam is used to produce energy Technological innovations Steam is used to produce energy Textile Looms to weave cotton Metallurgy Melting metals in furnaces Machines Paddle streamers, locomotives Need to invest capitals S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Britain's industrial primacy Geography and environmental conditions A new generation of entrepreneurs appears in Great Britain between the 18th and 19th century Huge market of the Empire Financial stability Available commodities Available manpower (crisis of agriculture) Cultural revolution: the consumption goods industry is born S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The industrial society Demographic growth in Britain Cheap manpower is available Entrepreneurs can keep wages low Workers live in their own neighborhoods, divided from the rest of society S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The working conditions From 12 to 16 working hours per day Workers have to move from their hometowns, they are often disoriented and lonely Women's wages are lower than men's Also children work, they are paid even less than women S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Workers' organizations Workers are wary of machines, which work on their behalf. The Luddist movement seeks to destroy the machines Luddism encourages workers to see themselves as part of a collective entity, the proletariat Workers organize strikes and set up trade unions British unions are recognized by the state in 1824 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

the only option anymore The development of transports Restructuring of the transport system Waterways are not the only option anymore Roads New method of paving (macadam); new roads are built to cross the main passes Railways Steam locomotives make rail transport more efficient Infrastructures New bridges and tunnels are built, using iron S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The British leadership England becomes the first advanced industrialized country Its products cost less, they are very competitive in the European market The other European countries can take inspiration from the British model and imitate it S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Industrialization in Europe S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The class struggle With the industrial revolution, two classes enter in conflict Bourgeoisie (supporting capitalism) The working class, which seeks to transform the social balance of power (promoting socialism) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016