Ch. 7 Napoleon's empire Unit 3. The age of revolutions S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Directory The Directory restores some freedoms, but high inflation hits workers and peasants Wealthy people connected to the Directory improve their status Lead by Babeuf, the Club of the Equals promotes radical democracy. It organizes a conspiracy in 1796, but it fails and plotters are sentenced to death S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

War continues Some entrepreneurs benefit Public opinion supports the from the prosecution of war against the other European powers Public opinion supports the struggle to spread republican values abroad France signs a peace agreement with Spain and Prussia, but continues to fight against Austria and Britain S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Napoleon Bonaparte Has a remarkably fast career in the army, which highlights his skills and value Gets married with Joséphine Beauharnais In 1796 is appointed chief commander of the Army of Italy, he is only 26 years old S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Success in Italy In spring 1796 Napoleon defeats the armies of the Italian states, preventing them from allying with each other After the victory in Lodi the French can move towards Milan The French present themselves as liberators of the people S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

communication initiatives French propaganda Propaganda-driven communication initiatives New newspapers for the members of the Army of Italy and for the Italian citizens Public holidays celebrating the newly-found Italian freedom S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The sister republics Several republics are created in Italy, modelled on the French one Cisalpine Republic Ligurian Republic Roman Republic Parthenopean Republic Other “sister republics” are created in Germany S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The sister republics S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The “Jacobin” years in Italy The governments of the sister republics are not very popular, some uprisings occur (e.g. the lazzaroni revolt in Naples) In August 1798 Napoleon is defeated in Abukir An anti-French coalition is formed, it defeats the French troops in Cassano d'Adda in April 1799; the French army retreats and crosses the Alps Status quo is restored in Italy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Concordat with Pius VII Napoleon becomes First Consul Order has to be restored Costitution of the Year VIII Triumvirate, with Napoleon as First Consul Concordat with Pius VII Catholicism is recognized as the official religion The Church gives up its claims on the confiscated property Controls the legislative power Becomes dictator in ten years' time S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

From Consulate to Empire In June 1800 Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops in Marengo: the sister republics are established again, France obtains Rhineland, Palatinate and Piedmont Peace agreements with Austria and Britain in 1801-1802 Napoleon is proclaimed consul for life in 1802 A new constitution is prepared in 1804, it is approved by plebiscite. French becomes an empire, Napoleon is proclaimed emperor S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Italy in 1809 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Civil Code (1804) Protection of property Defense of bourgeois interests, no more arbitrary confiscation Revolution's conquests are upheld Citizens' equality, secular state, freedom of thought and religion Reintroduction of slavery in the colonies Patriarchal family Family is a founding stone of the social order, women are given a lower status The principles of the Civil Code spread also outside France S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Grande Armée Careers are open and Napoleon seeks to strengthen the bonds with his soldiers Careers are open and based on merit Social prestige Financial support to widows and orphans Assistance to the disabled soldiers (Hôtel des Invalides) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

New Napoleonic Wars Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia in Ulm and Austerlitz (1805) France beats Prussia in Jena (1806) The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved in 1806 Napoleon conquers Spain in 1808 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Bonaparte's dinasty (1809) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

How the Empire works Prefects are appointed Precise and efficient bureaucratic system, instructions and reports are transmitted effectively through circulars and letters Prefects are appointed by the government, they administer the departments Sub-prefects Mayors S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Resistance against Napoleon Mandatory conscription is often resisted. Absentees are sought after, they face high fines and even execution Spanish guerilla fights against French domain, it is supported by Britain from 1808 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Continental Blockade S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The invasion of Russia Since Russia was not observing the Continental Blockade, Napoleon wages war against it An army of 700.000 men wins the battle of Borodino and reaches Moscow The Russians set Moscow on fire, the French run out of supplies and must retreat. Only 100.000 soldiers survive S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The end of Napoleon Leipzig and Elba A new coalition defeats the Napoleonic army in Leipzig (October 1813). Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba The Hundred Days In February 1815 Napoleon manages to come back to power. A new Constitution is proclaimed and the army is reorganized Waterloo and St. Helens On June 18, 1815 Napoleon loses the battle of Waterloo. He is exiled to St. Helens, where he dies in 1821 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016