Ch. 11 The Risorgimento Unit 4. The age of nations S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

1848 in Italy The Austrian army acts as a sort of policeman in Italy, suppressing uprisings (1820-1821, 1830) The new Pope Pius IX promotes some reforms, the political climate seems to change The Grand Duke of Tuscany introduces reforms, uprisings break out in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies In March 18-22, 1848 Milan rises up against the Austrian domain (Five days of Milan); Como, Brescia and Cremona follow suit On March 22 Daniele Manin proclaims the Republic of Venice S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Ideas for the unification Charles Albert and Piedmont devote to Italian independence and unification by fighting against Austria Gioberti and the Neo-Guelphists argue that only the Pope and the Church can reunite the Italians Cattaneo and some republicans promote a confederation on the Swiss model For Mazzini and some republicans independence and unification must proceed from below S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The first war of independence On March 23, 1848 Piedmont declares war on Austria Weeks pass before any military action; Radetzky can rearrange the Austrian troops around the Quadrilatero (Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnago) Battles have no clear outcome, Piedmont does not attack Verona The other Italian states withdraw their support to Piedmont The Austrian troops finally defeat Piedmont in Custoza S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Battles of 1848-1849 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Consequences of the defeat Political tensions increase as a consequence of the defeat Moderates continue to support Piedmont's king, his intentions were noble For the democrats the failure is indicative of the limits of any monarchy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Roman Republic The democrats overthrow the Pope's rule on Rome and proclaim the republic In February 1849 Rome is governed by a triumvirate (Mazzini, Saffi, Armellini), a constituent assembly is elected Despite the republicans' resistance, the French troops restore Pius IX's rule S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The patriots' debacle In March 1849 Charles Albert resumes the war against Austria, but Piedmont is defeated again in Novara The rule of the Grand Duke of Tuscany is restored by an Austrian intervention Ferdinand II restores order in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, without receiving external support The Republic of Venice capitulates to the Austrians in August 1849 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Charles Albert's legacy Despite the defeat, the legacy of Charles Albert is valuable A strong army The Constitution (Albertine Statute), which grants freedom of expression, religion and association S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Camillo Benso of Cavour Camillo Benso proves the ongoing vitality of the aristocracy Studies at the Royal military academy in Turin Experiments with modern agronomic techniques in his estate Travels around Europe, widening his horizons S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The “decade of preparation” Cavour is appointed Prime Minister in 1852 Makes a deal with Urbano Rattazzi, head of the leftist opposition (the connubio) Launches serious investments in infrastructures (railways, roads, harbours, canals) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Cavour's foreign policy The Kingdom of Sardinia is squeezed between France and Austria In order to defeat Austria, French support and British neutrality are necessary Piedmont joins France and Britain in the Crimean War (between Russia and the Ottomans): at the peace negotiations Cavour raises the “Italian question” The Plombières Agreement is signed in July 1858: if Piedmont is attacked by Austria, France will intervene to defend it S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Two visions on patriotism Cavour aims at achieving independence through diplomacy Mazzini and Garibaldi argue that the masses should be involved Don Enrico Tazzoli and the Belfiore martyrs Carlo Pisacane and the expedition of Sapri Felice Orsini's aggression against Napoleon III S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Giuseppe Garibaldi Born in Nice in 1807 Joins the Giovine Italia, escapes from police in France and then in Latin America Returns to Italy to take part in the first war of independence Goes into exile in the 1850s S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The second war of independence In order to spur an Austrian reaction, Cavour enlists volunteers from the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom Austria declares war on Piedmont, France intervenes to defend it in keeping with the Plombières Agreement Piedmontese and French troops win battles in Montebello, Magenta, Solferino and San Martino The toll of victims is very high, Napoleon III withdraws from the war S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The second war of independence S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Villafranca and the plebiscites France signs the armistice with Austria in Villafranca. Veneto remains to Austria however People in Emilia, Romagna and Tuscany rise up against their rulers and demand to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. Plebiscites sanction this decision Piedmont cedes Nice and Savoy to France S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The expedition of the Thousand Garibaldi sets up an expedition of thousand volunteers, they want to accomplish unification by overthrowing the king of the Two Sicilies The Thousand leave from Quarto and arrive to Marsala on May 15; they counquer Sicily in a couple of months (battle of Milazzo) Garibaldi enters Naples on September 7 Victor Emmanuel II is afraid of the republicans' success and decides to stop the Thousand. After occupying Umbria and Marche the king meets Garibaldi in Teano, where he is given the kingdom of the South S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Kingdom of Italy is born S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016