Tradurre per l'Europa: opportunità, formazione, multilinguismo Laura BOSELLI- DG Traduzione Università di Palermo, 3.12.2013 Università di Catania, 4.12.2013 1

Programma Comunicazione, lingue e democrazia Il regime linguistico dell'Unione europea I servizi di traduzione delle istituzioni europee La traduzione, cardine del progetto europeo Opportunità di lavoro e tirocinio 2

Il regime linguistico dell’UE: la base giuridica Regolamento del Consiglio n.1/1958 I regolamenti e gli altri testi di portata generale sono redatti nelle lingue ufficiali (art.4) Trattato sul funzionamento dell’Unione europea I cittadini hanno il diritto di rivolgersi alle istituzioni UE in una delle lingue dei trattati e di ricevere una risposta nella stessa lingua (art. 20, par. 2, lettera d) 3

Lingue ufficiali, lingue di lavoro e lingue procedurali Regolamento del Consiglio n. 1/1958, art. 1: « Le lingue ufficiali e le lingue di lavoro delle istituzioni dell'Unione sono la lingua bulgara, la lingua ceca, la lingua croata, la lingua danese, la lingua estone, la lingua finlandese, la lingua francese, la lingua greca, la lingua inglese, la lingua irlandese, la lingua italiana, la lingua lettone, la lingua lituana, la lingua maltese, la lingua olandese, la lingua polacca, la lingua portoghese, la lingua rumena, la lingua slovacca, la lingua slovena, la lingua spagnola, la lingua svedese, la lingua tedesca e la lingua ungherese.» Regolamento del Consiglio n. 1/1958, art. 6: «Le istituzioni possono determinare le modalità di applicazione del presente regime linguistico nei propri regolamenti interni»   4 4

La traduzione, cardine del progetto europeo Produzione legislativa, per permettere ai cittadini di accedere alla legislazione dell’UE Comunicazione multilingue scritta, per permettere ai cittadini di partecipare alla vita democratica dell'UE 5

La produzione legislativa in un contesto multilingue: sfide e costi “Coredazione”: tutte le lingue fanno ugualmente fede La sfida dell’efficienza - Una strategia per la gestione della domanda (Translation in the Commission - responding to the challenges in 2007 and beyond, SEC (2006) 1489 final) Una decisione politica: un servizio di traduzione interno   6

Le lingue ufficiali dell’UE 7

Lingue… "ufficiali"? Lingue "ufficiali" – "di lavoro" – "dei trattati" = 24 Lingue "procedurali": inglese, francese, tedesco Altre lingue: Basco, Catalano, Galego, gaelico scozzese e gallese Official languages Council Regulation No 1 of 1958 (as last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 of 20 November 2006), Article 1: “The official languages and the working languages of the institutions of the Union shall be Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish.” Regulation No 1, Article 2: Any of the official languages can be used in correspondence with the EU institutions and the writer has the right to receive a reply in the same language. Regulation No 1, Article 5: EU legislation is published in all the official languages. In the case of Irish, under a derogation requested by the Irish authorities in 2005 and in force since 2007, only regulations adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council under the co-decision procedure and correspondence with the public have to be translated into Irish. This derogation was reviewed in 2011and prolonged. Working languages Those used within or between institutions. The official languages are also the working languages of the EU. For comparison, the United Nations has 193 member states, but six working languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish). Treaty languages Treaty languages are those in which the primary legislation, Treaties and Acts of Accession are drawn up. Irish was a Treaty language before it was granted the status of an official language on 1 January 2007 (i.e. primary legislation had to be translated into Irish). Procedural languages For efficiency reasons, not all the working languages are used all the time. Article 6 of Regulation No 1 allows EU institutions to stipulate in their rules of procedure which languages are to be used in specific cases. These are called ‘procedural languages’. In the Commission, the three procedural languages are English, French and German. Depending on the specific file (if it e.g. concerns a particular Member State), further language versions may be required. Non-procedural languages All the other official languages are referred to as ‘non-procedural languages’. Additional languages Languages recognised by the Constitution of a Member State on all or part of its territory or authorised by law for use as a national language. These are languages other than those listed in Regulation No 1. In June 2005, the Council accepted at request of Spain the use in the EU institutions of Basque, Catalan and Galician — which have special status under the Spanish Constitution. Each institution has made its own arrangements with the Spanish government, which will bear any extra expense incurred. The use of Welsh and Scottish Gaelic was accepted in 2008 at the request of the United Kingdom. 8

Altre lingue UK o Spagna Commissione Commission Services Written communication in the “regional” language Designated body Translation Original mail + translation into official language Citizens In 2005, the Council adopted a Resolution to give citizens from Member States who have officially recognised regional languages (such as Spain with Catalan, Galician and Basque, and the United Kingdom with Welsh and Scottish Gaelic) the possibility to write to the European Institutions in these ‘additional’ languages. This Resolution was made operational through administrative arrangements that the Institutions agreed with the two Member States concerned. The Commission, with the signature of our Secretary- General, concluded these arrangements with Spain in 2007 and with the UK in 2009. According to these arrangements, if Commission services receive letters or e-mails in one of these regional languages, Commission staff are not expected to master these languages nor even ask for a translation. Instead, a so-called ‘designated body’ — an authority designated by the Member State in question – will act as intermediary. The Commission service concerned by the subject matter receives the translated text from the designated body and sends its answer back to it – in the official language of the Member State in question. Under the Lisbon Treaty, arrangements can be made between a Member State and the EU institutions on the use of any other additional language. Source: Commission en Direct 607/2011 (Roberto Hayder, SG) Reply in the official language Reply in the “regional” language 9

Linguisti nelle istituzioni europee Comitato economico e sociale (530 – con CdR) (1600) (600) Comitato delle regioni (530 con CESE) Parlamento (1200) Banca centrale europea (70) Corte di giustizia (850) The European Commission’s DGT, is just one, although the largest, of many similar services working in all EU institutions. You have translation departments at the European Parliament, the Council, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors, the European Social and Economic Committee and the Committee of the Regions, the European Central Bank and the European Investment Bank. There’s also a Translation Centre for EU agencies and bodies. All in all, translation work occupies around 6 000 internal staff and hundreds of companies providing freelance translators. The Commission’s pool of freelance translators is around 600 companies and individual translators. Number of interpreters: 910 (SCIC 600, EP 260, CoJ 50). SCIC’s pool of accredited freelance interpreters is around 3000. Why have separate translation services? Institutions have different roles and different text-types (CoJ most extreme example). Studies have indicated that coordinating such a big group of translators would not be efficient. Centro di traduzione (200) Corte dei conti (140) (50) Traduttori: ± 4300 Interpreti: ± 1000 10 10

Commissione europea Propone nuova legislazione Attua le politiche UE e supervisiona il rispetto del diritto europeo The Commission’s role as an EU institution: represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole proposes new laws to Parliament and the Council manages the EU's budget and allocating funding enforces EU law (together with the Court of Justice) represents the EU internationally, for example, by negotiating agreements between the EU and other countries. This role is reflected in the work of Commission’s translators. 11

2500 tra traduttori e personale amministrativo DG Traduzione 2500 tra traduttori e personale amministrativo 50% a Bruxelles 50% a Lussemburgo + 30 “Antenne” negli Stati membri 12

Organizzazione Organisation chart of the DGT The chart illustrates DGT’s linguistic structure, with one translating department for each official language, and one translating unit for Irish. It may also useful in explaining the workflow of a translation request: from the client in another Commission DG  unit S.1 – registration in internal IT system, agreement on deadline and requested language versions  language departments  translating units  translation to client. 13

Traduciamo da e verso tutte le 24 lingue ufficiali dell'UE 576 The Directorate-General for Translation deals with written texts for the European Commission; we do not work for other institutions or bodies. 14 14

…ci occupiamo di tutto (o quasi) The Directorate-General for Translation provides translations for all the fields where the Commission has the right to initiate legislation (images clockwise from left: development and cooperation; economic and monetary affairs; energy; research and innovation; environment; customs; food safety). 15

Evoluzione nel numero di pagine tradotte 2000-2012 1,76 milioni di pagine tradotte nel 2012 Evoluzione nel numero di pagine tradotte 2000-2012 Note: The chart shows the volume of documents sent to DGT for translation – NOT the total volume of documents drafted in the Commission. DGT doesn’t keep records of documents that never come to its workflow. 16

Lingua degli originali (%) Inglese Frances e After the 2004 EU enlargement, the number of pages drafted in English has been constantly increasing. It has become the principal drafting language inside the Commission because it is the second language of a large number of the Commission officials today. Information sent to the Commission by the Member States has increased in line with every enlargement, and so has the number of pages translated into EN, FR and DE. These procedural languages are used internally – English and French the most - so that Commission officials can understand documents sent by the MS. 2012: EN 77% FR 5.2% DE 2.9% Others 14.8% Altro Tedesco 17

Numero di pagine tradotte nel 2012 per lingua di arrivo (%) The high number of pages translated into EN reflects the large number of documents received from the Member States in all their languages. These have to be translated into a language understandable to Commission officials. Explanation of the language abbreviations: BG: Bulgarian; ES: Spanish; CS: Czech; DA: Danish; DE: German; ET: Estonian; EL: Greek; EN: English; FR: French; GA: Irish; IT: Italian; LV: Latvian; LT: Lithuanian; HU: Hungarian; MT: Maltese; NL: Dutch; PL: Polish; PT: Portuguese; RO: Romanian; SK: Slovak; SL: Slovenian; FI: Finnish; SV: Swedish. 18

Translation of confidential texts I nostri servizi Translation of confidential texts Our clients: 1) Primarily the Commission’s departments (DGs), 2) but finally the citizens. Our goal: Providing the best translation service tailored to meet the client’s needs. Full-length translation: Translation of a complete text is the most widely used of all the language products. Request via the tool Poetry. Editing of originals: Revision of a document written in a language other than the drafter’s mother tongue (most often English or French), to ensure that its spelling, punctuation, grammar and style conform to good usage and to Commission rules. Translation hotline: A fast-track service for translating texts of no more than 300 characters — a word, sentence, or paragraph — into one or more languages within 2 working days. Web translation and editing: During drafting of web pages: linguistic advice and editing – site structure and navigation menus, deciding what languages the site should be available in, giving each page a clear focus, search engine optimisation (so the pages can be found), volume reduction. Finished web pages: translation – clear language, localisation to suit each language and meet linguistic sensitivities in each country, key search terms, usability checks of published pages. Written summary: A condensed account in writing of the main points of a text. Suitable for a long document in an unfamiliar language. Oral summary: A quick oral account of the content of a text. [Machine translation: New MT system is under development. Post-edited machine translation: Temporarily unavailable. For the Commission’s machine translation users without time or resources to revise a raw machine translation themselves. Suitable for documents for internal use only. Done by a network of specialised freelance translators.] Confidential documents translated in specific secured conditions and premises. Stand-by service for urgent translations from 18.00 to 8.30 on workdays, and 24/24 h on holidays. More detailed information is available on DGT-MyIntraComm. 19

I traduttori nelle istituzioni europee Size differences of the EU translation services, measured by the number of staff and volume of work. 20

Che cosa traduciamo? Proposte legislative/atti normativi Comunicazioni Relazioni alle altre istituzioni Documenti di lavoro Manuali, opuscoli informativi Corrispondenza Comunicati stampa Pagine web Discorsi, verbali, ecc. 21 21

Strumenti "tradizionali" Contatti diretti con il richiedente e consulenza di altri traduttori e revisori Contatti con esperti all'interno della Commissione, di altre istituzioni o negli Stati membri Testi di riferimento Biblioteche 22

Strumenti moderni  Terminologia Software di traduzione IATE (anche versione pubblica) EUR-Lex (pubblico) Quest Metasearch DGT Vista Dizionari elettronici, glossari, etc. Sito Rete REI Software di traduzione Memorie di traduzione (Euramis) Traduzione automatica (MT@EC) Online information sources and tools that DGT translators use a lot in their work: IATE database: EU-related terminology used in the various European institutions; EUR-Lex: a compendium of all EU laws currently in force in all official EU languages; Translation memories are translation or project specific, while Euramis is the central repository of all translated text segments. A new machine translation system is under development. When final in summer 2013, it will be available for the whole Commission, and may later be made accessible by all EU institutions and national public administrations. 23

EUR-Lex: accesso al diritto dell'UE eur-lex.europa.eu Example: Regulation 1/58, in EN and FR EUR-Lex provides free access to European Union law and other documents considered to be public. The website is available in 23 official languages of the European Union. You can choose your preferred language from the language bar at the top of the home page. The contents of the site amount to some 2 815 000 documents, with texts dating back to 1951. The database is updated daily and every year around 12 000 documents are added. EUR-Lex offers: daily editions of the Official Journal of the European Union online, simple and advanced search, multilingual search, possibility to display and/or download documents (PDF, HTML, DOC, TIFF), analytical metadata for each document. 24

IATE: base terminologica multilingue - iate.europa.eu Example: the term ‘European Union’ in EN and FR. IATE (= “Inter-Active Terminology for Europe”) is a shared terminology database of all the EU institutions. It contains 8.7 million terms, 0.5 million abbreviations and 0.15 million phrases in all 23 official EU languages, Latin, for botanical and zoological names, plus some other languages. It covers all the fields of activity of the EU and is managed by the EU institutions: European Commission Parliament Council Court of Justice Court of Auditors European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions European Central Bank European Investment Bank Translation Centre for the bodies of the EU High interest by the public: Peaks of more than 300 000 queries per day, or above 7 million per month. Also publicly accessible: Translation resources website: language resources for translating and drafting for all EU official languages. 25

Qualità Prima: editing degli originali, "Scrivere chiaro" Durante: strumenti e ausili per la traduzione, condivisione di informazioni (Note/Elise) Dopo: revisione/rilettura/controlli a campione; feedback (anche dalle istituzioni nazionali!) Different quality assurance methods of the target text: Revision comparing systematically the original and the translation Review reading through the translation to check that 1) the text is fluent and 2) makes sense and 3) the terminology is correct compare in detail with the original only when needed Spot-checking revising or reviewing only a given number of pages to have an idea if the quality is acceptable Evaluation: of translator’s performance for career review purposes. Feedback, e.g. corrigenda requests. 26

Cos'altro facciamo? Terminologia Traduzione automatica Studi Legami con scuole e università LIND-Web Giornata europea delle lingue Visiting Translator Scheme 27

Translation contest for Europe’s budding linguists Programmes for schools and universities Secondary schools Juvenes Translatores is a translation contest for upper secondary schools in the EU. The idea is to raise the profile of language learning and the translator’s profession. 17-year old pupils from randomly selected schools across the EU compete against each other by translating texts from one EU official language into another. The period for schools to register runs from 1 September to 20 October every year, and the contest day is in November. Winners are announced the following year in January/February, and they are invited to come to Brussels to receive their prizes in March/April. Translation contest for Europe’s budding linguists Website: ec.europa.eu/translatores Facebook.com/translatores Blog for teachers: blogs.ec.europa.eu/translatores 28

European Master’s in Translation 54 programmi universitari in Europa Higher education As an employer of university graduates, DGT maintains extensive links with universities and higher education institutions across the EU. European Master's in Translation (EMT): 1) A partnership project between the European Commission and higher- education institutions offering master's level translation programmes. 2) A quality label for translation programmes at Master’s level that can be given to higher education programmes that meet certain quality standards for the education of translation students. 3) A network of those university programmes that qualify for the EMT quality label. Currently there are 54 programmes in the network. 29

Visiting Translator Scheme Traduttore DGT per 1-4 settimane presso un'Università o un'istituzione pubblica nel proprio paese o in un altro Stato (anche extra-UE) Scambio di conoscenze e di buone pratiche Visiting translator scheme (VTS): A programme that allows our translators to 1) develop their competencies and communicate about DG Translation/Commission, and 2) contribute to the relations with our external partners – students, university teachers, experts, staff in national public institutions. At a university, the visiting translators give classes on translation, on DG Translation’s work and on languages in the European institutions. They can also practise their language skills, if they visit a foreign country or develop substance-related skills if they visit their own country. At a public institution, they translate, exchange good practices and terminology and promote collaboration between the institution and DG Translation. The scheme in figures 2005-2012: 159 VTS missions carried out by our translators visits to 70 universities in 24 Member States visits to 6 universities in 4 non-EU countries visits to 59 public institutions in 16 Member States In addition, students and others with a professional interest in translation can visit the DG Translation. In 2012 we organised 51 visits including 830 external visitors. 30

ec.europa.eu/language-industry Language industry web platform (LIND-Web) Promuovere visibilità e riconoscimento per il settore linguistico Migliorare scambio di conoscenze e buone pratiche tra gli addetti Riunire e "mettere in rete" i professionisti del settore linguistico Raccogliere dati comparabili a livello di UE (utili per studi e statistiche) Interactive knowledge base which contains facts and figures (surveys, news, documents, …) about language-related products and services and the language industry in general. The aims are to: collect more comparable data from EU countries inform language professionals about research on and by the language industry — which is set to grow by 10% a year over the coming years help raise the industry's profile and lead to more recognition for language professions. Language industry covers the following fields: translation, interpreting, localising and globalising, subtitling and dubbing, language technology tools, multilingual conference organisation and language teaching. LIND-Web is managed by DG Translation, which checks the quality of the documents uploaded. Contributions are welcome from any language industry professional — translators, language teachers, people working for companies or public-sector bodies that provide language services, association members etc. ec.europa.eu/language-industry 31

Giornata europea delle lingue 26 settembre Giornata europea delle lingue When: 26 September every year Why: To celebrate Europe’s rich linguistic heritage, multilingualism and lifelong language learning What: Shows, kids’ activities, games, language courses, quizzes, radio and TV programmes, conferences and many other events Where: In all EU Member States, mostly organised by our Field Offices alone or in cooperation with local partners 32

Localizzazione dei messaggi On the one hand, we translate legal texts, where absolute consistency is a must and the original wording – often the product of a complex political negotiation – is almost sacrosanct. On the other, the Commission produces brochures, websites and other information that can be localised to suit the local culture, the debate going on in EU countries, and the local implications of this or that policy. Localisation is done by our Field Offices, our in-house translators who work in Commission’s Representations in 25 EU countries. The localised information is often published on the Representations’ websites and/or Facebook page. 33

Studi e ricerche We carry out specific studies aimed at gathering up-to-date information on multilingualism and translation. They are published on our website on EUROPA and in the EU Bookshop. 34

Campagna "Scrivere chiaro" KISS! Keep It Short and Simple What, who, when, where, how, why, how much? The aim of the Clear Writing campaign is to encourage everyone in the European Commission to write more clearly. That means: producing shorter, simpler documents that appeal to more readers. All types of documents, in all languages, can be improved. Along with lots of practical information and training for our Commission colleagues, there is How To Write Clearly, a guide to clear writing. The daily work of editing original texts is part of our quality assurance before translation (cf. slide 31). 35

Quanto costa il multilinguismo? I servizi di traduzione e interpretazione di tutte le istituzioni europee costano ad ogni cittadino poco più di 2 euro l'anno. Meno dell'1% del bilancio annuale dell'UE. The 2013 EU budget: €132.8 billion =0.99% of gross national income of all EU countries. Translation in all EU institutions costs €1.7 per citizen per year, and interpretation in all the EU institutions costs €0.51 per citizen per year. All and all that is €2.2 per citizen per year. Translation costs are part of the administrative costs which represent 6.3% of the total EU budget. The annual budget for DG Translation is around €330 million and the latest figure for DG Interpretation, also known as SCIC, Service Commun Interprétation-Conferences) is €130 million. The EU budget as a whole has increased by 15 % since 2007, whereas the budget for language services for the European Commission has increased by 10.5 %. 36

Lavorare per la DG Traduzione 37

Opportunità professionali Contratto a tempo indeterminato (funzionario UE) determinato (agente contrattuale) Collaborazione esterna (freelance) Tirocinio 38

Tirocini Durata: 5 mesi Due turni all'anno – inizio a Marzo e a Ottobre Solo per laureati Cittadini UE + quota di cittadini di altre nazionalità Competenze: tradurre da due lingue UE verso la propria lingua madre Borsa mensile Tirocini presso le istituzioni europee: http://europa.eu/about-eu/working-eu- institutions/graduates/index_it.htm The monthly grant is +/- €1000. 39

Concorsi per funzionari UE Pubblicazione: Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea EPSO (European Personnel Selection Office) www.eu-careers.eu Procedura di selezione: dai 5 ai 9 mesi The current EPSO procedure for selecting permanent staff for EU institutions: much quicker competitions with fewer steps in the procedure annual competitions for the most common job profiles – translators and interpreters in summer competency-based testing assessment of specific professional skills and knowledge assessment of core competencies such as: analysis and problem solving; communicating; delivering quality and results; learning and development; prioritising and organising; resilience; working with others. Participants will have the possibility to receive feedback on their performance. Some competitions are open to university students in their final year, provided they are scheduled to graduate during the competition. They will be recruited only if they graduate. Recommendation: Show the audience the EPSO website www.eu-careers.eu. 41

Criteri di assunzione Cittadinanza di un paese UE Diploma universitario almeno triennale - in lingue o in un'altra disciplina Non è richiesta esperienza professionale EU citizenship: military service obligations fulfilled. University degree: at least 3 years higher education (BA level). 42

Conoscenze linguistiche Conoscenza perfetta della propria lingua principale o lingua madre Ottima conoscenza di una lingua procedurale (EN, FR, DE) Ottima conoscenza di un'altra lingua ufficiale diversa dalla prima In addition, knowledge of any additional languages is an asset. 43

Personale a contratto Bandi specifici Per maggiori informazioni: ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation/workwithus Contract staff Duration of contracts: 3 months to 3 years. Note: in any 12-year period, you cannot work for the European Commission on non-permanent contracts for more than 6 years in total (all types of contract combined). Probationary period: 9 months (for contracts of 1 year or more). Recommendation: Show the audience the web page on contract staff. 44

Esternalizzazione di traduzioni Nel 2012 il 24% della produzione totale della DGT era costituito da documenti tradotti all'esterno Sono dati in traduzione esterna documenti di tutti i tipi… … ECCETTO documenti urgenti, delicati dal punto di vista politico o documenti riservati In genere sono esternalizzati: Documenti molto tecnici per cui non ci sono competenze all'interno Da lingue non UE se non ci sono risorse interne The languages we need are primarily the EU's official languages. Most commonly, these are translated into and out of English, French or German. In some fields, such as trade, development & cooperation and external relations, translations are sometimes needed in non-EU languages (e.g. Chinese, Russian, Arabic). The outsourced documents are often specialised ones on e.g. law, economics, finance, agriculture, customs, taxation, information technology. 45

Come collaborare ? The only way: respond to a call for tenders and have your bid accepted Calls for tenders for translation services are published in the Official Journal and on our website ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation/workwithus/contracto r Calls for tenders We issue calls for tenders for language combinations or fields for which there is a large volume of work to be outsourced. Successful tenderers are awarded framework contracts (duration of 4 years max) which commit them to providing translations at a price they quoted in their tenders. Framework contracts do not guarantee that the contractor will necessarily receive work. Individual translations are allocated to the contractor offering the best price-quality ratio. Calls for expressions of interest We issue these for lower-volume language combinations and fields. Tenderers who meet the selection criteria are added to our list of approved translation- providers for a particular language combination and/or field. They will then be invited to quote a price for relevant jobs as they come up. Selection criteria for contractors Technical and professional capacity to carry out the work (know-how, efficiency, experience, reliability) Minimum qualification: university degree Information required on: working methods, recruitment procedures, translation capacity, use of translation tools, quality assurance methods Calls for other services and supplies We may also issue calls for tender for computer-assisted translation, revision, editing, and supplies of dictionaries and reference books. Recommendation: Show the audience the web page on calls for tender. 46

Più informazioni? Web: ec.europa.eu/dgs/translation Facebook.com/translatingforeurope Twitter: @translatores YouTube.com/dgtranslation 47

Grazie! Laura.Boselli@ec.europa.eu