Atmospheres in a test tube: state of the art at the Astronomical Observatory of Padova Marco S. Erculiani a, b, Riccardo U. Claudi b, Lorenzo Cocola c, Diego Barbisan d, Matteo Meneghini d , Nicola Trivellin d , Nicoletta la Rocca e, Daniela Billi f Emanuele Pace g Mariangela Cestelli Guidi h a CISAS-"G.Colombo" Centre of Studies and Activities for Space Via Venezia 15, 35131, Padua - Italy ; b INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Padova (Italy), Vicolo dell'osservatorio, 5, 35100 Padova; c LUXOR - Photonics and Nanotechnology institute - CNR, Via Trasea 7 Padova, 35131, Italy; d Department of Information Engineering-DEI, via gradenigo 6B, Padova ; e University of Padova, Department of Biology, Italy, f Dept. of Biology University of Rome-Tor Vergata; g Univ. Of Firenze, (Italy); h INFN-National Institute of Nuclear Physics In collaboration with… ● INAF – IAPS Roma - Istituto di Astrophysics and Space Planetology Institute (G. Piccioni, S. Stifani) ● Department of Biology of Roma Tor Vergata (D. Billi) ● INFN – National Laboratories of Frascati (E. Pace) ● GAPS group (R. Claudi, S. Benatti, M. Bonavita) ● Department of Biology of A. Vallisneri di Padova (Prof. Nicoletta La Rocca) ● DEI- Light Cube - Padova (Matteo Meneghini, Nicola Trivellin, Diego Barbisan) ● LUXOR - Padova (Luca Poletto e Lorenzo Cocola) INAF –Astronomical Observatory of Padova

Timeline of the experiment First step: -M starlight simulator -Incubator build-up - Choice of bacteria Second step: Irradiation of the samples with terrestrial conditions, - Analysis of gaseous abundances in the cells Fourth step: -Irradiation of the samples with M star radiation at terrestrial pressure,temperature and extrasolar planet gaseous mixture, -Analysis of gaseous abundances in the cells. Third step: -Irradiation of the samples with M star radiation, -Analysis of gaseous abundances in the cells Ancillary science:Plants on M star planets

The choice of the bacteria Resistent to harsh environemnts IR chls bacteria Sensitive to the IR and NIR bandwidth Photosynthetic in low light conditions IR-grown bacteria Chroococcidiopsis spp. Leptolyngbya sp.1 Chlorogloeopsis fritschii Acharyochloris marina Halomicronema hongdechloris

Bacteria incubator build-up Solid Works inner cell project MINI-LISA ambient simulator O ring OR 4450 BOROFLOAT® Window 45685 Edmund Optics 1’ windows coated PS811B Thorlabs Peltier cell Solid Works inner cell project

Study of feasibility of a starlight simulator: sources Leggett et al., 2001 STAR TEMPERATURES G 5,000 K - 6,000 K. K 3,500 K - 5,000 K. M 2,500 K - 3,500 K.

Study of feasibility of a starlight simulator: the pigments

Study of feasibility of a starlight simulator: the hardware ORIEL 6258 300 Watt Ozone Free

Newport 10LWF-600-B Halogen lamp

Moist greenhouse distance, M0V star 230V_60W_DECO 230V_40W_Lexman 12VDC 40W 3A Lexman 24V_100W_OSRAM 230V_40W_DECO 230V_75W_OSRAM

Study of O2 productivity in photosynthetic bacteria:the simulaitons pH=8; T=30°C; NaCl=3% Behrendt et al 2013 Chroococcidiopsis: 40 fmol/cell/h in normal growth condition (20 µmol of photons m -² s-1 ~ 40 mmolO2/g/h). Miyashita et al 2003 Acharyocloris marina: 1.3µmol of O2 /mg Chld/h

Measurement system Accuracy: O2 <1% ; CO2 , CH4= 0.1% Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy setup (TDLAS) gas

totale viene reirradiata, Il 25 % dissipata La banda dell’ozono sposta il picco da 600 nm a 685 nm Kiang et al., 2007a Red edge (varia a seconda del tipo di organismo e al numero di biomassa, all’idratazione e lo spessore delle foglie e del contenuto di carbonio). Green bump (concentrazioni di Chl-a e Chl-b) Il 75% della radiazione totale viene reirradiata, Il 25 % dissipata

Colori Ma sulla terra… Stelle M Troppa luce → antocianine x proteggersi L’antocianicna si accumula sulla superficie delle foglie adattate ad ambienti ombrosi e le dà una colorazione blu. Se le piante acquisissero solo la luce blu riflettendo nel rosso (→blue edge). (A)eonium arboreum Swarzkopf Tacca integrifolia Stelle F Colocasia esculenta Ophiopogon planiscapus Hosta hosta “Blue Mouse Ears” Festuca ovina glauca

Contributes and publications 1) Atmospheres in a Test Tube, EPSC LONDRA 2013 R. Claudi M.S. Erculiani , E. Giro , M. D’Alessandro , G. Galletta   2) Laboratory investigation on super-Earths atmospheres, EPSC CASCAIS 2014 M. S. Erculiani , R. Claudi L. Lessio , G. Farisato , E. Giro, L. Cocola , D. Billi , M. D’alessandro , E. Pace , D. Schierano, S. Benatti, M. Bonavita , G. Galletta 3) Interpreting EChO's future data: biological laboratory estimates under M star's planetary surface conditions, SPIE, MONTREAL 2014 Marco S. Erculiani, Riccardo U. Claudi , Enrico Giro , Giuseppe Galletta ,Maurizio D'alessandro , Giancarlo Farisato , Luigi Lessio , Giuseppina Micela , Daniela Billi 4) Preparing EChO space mission: laboratory simulation of planetary atmospheres, SPIE, MONTREAL 2014 Riccardo U. Claudi, Marco Sergio Erculiani, Giuseppina Micela, Maurizio D’Alessandro, Giuseppe Galletta, Enrico Giro, Alberto Adriani, Francesca Altieri, Giancarlo Bellucci, Daniela Billi, Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini, Angela Ciaravella, Gianrico Filacchione, Gabriella Gilli, Marco Giuranna, Davide Grassi, Giuseppe Leto, Emanuele Pace, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, Giuseppe Piccioni, Salvatore Scuderi, Giovanni Strazzulla, Diego Turrini 5) A tunable integrated system to simulate colder stellar radiation, SPIE 2015, PRAGA Marco S. Erculiani, Riccardo U. Claudi, Lorenzo Cocola, Diego Barbisan, Matteo Bonato, Matteo Meneghini, Nicola Trivellin 6) Simulating Super Earth Atmospheres in the Laboratory Journal: International Journal of Astrobiology, Manuscript ID: IJA-SI-EB2014-14-0533.R1, Special Issue EB2014 Claudi, Riccardo; Erculiani, Marco Sergio; Billi, Daniela; Pace, Emanuele; Schierano, Deborah; Giro, Erico; Galletta, Giuseppe; D'Alessandro, Maurizio 7) Search for spectral features in transiting planets with GAPS project Journal: International Journal of Astrobiology, Manuscript ID: IJA-SI-EB2014-14-0530, Special Issue EB2014 Date Submitted by the Author: 09-May-2014 Benatti, Serena; Claudi, Riccardo; Borsa, Francesco; Garrido Rubio, Antonio; Erculiani, Marco Sergio; Bonavita, Mariangela; Bignamini, Andrea; Covino, Elvira; Desidera, Silvano; Gratton, Raffaele; Lanza, Antonino; Maggio, Antonio; Micela, Giuseppina; Pagano, Isabella; Piotto, Giampaolo; Poretti, Ennio; Sozzetti, Alessandro; 8) Biosignature Characterization: from Lab to Space, 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 2-10 August 2014, in Moscow, Russia, Abstract B0.6-8-14. Schierano, Debora; Baqué, Mickael; Billi, Daniela; Pace, Emanuele; Cestelli Guidi, Mariangela; Claudi, Riccardo; Verseux, Cyprien; Erculiani, Marco Sergio