SIF 2011 / L'AquilaE. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab1 27 Settembre 2011 SIF 2011 – LAquila, località Coppito La sperimentazione al JLab Evaristo Cisbani / ISS e INFN-Sanità Introduzione al Jefferson Laboratory e alla collaborazione italiana Sperimentazione fisica Nucleon Structure (Form Factor and Quark Distribution) Parity Violation Experiments Meson Spectroscopy Strumentazione RICH/Clas12 Photon Tagger HD Polarized Target GEM/SiD Trackers

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 2 Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory Newport News / Virginia / USA (3 ore da Washington DC) Finanziamento DOE + Enti Locali (no MOF!) Direttore: H. E. Montgomery (ex associate director for research al Fermilab) 2000 Utenti internazionali Ricerca fondamentale con acceleratore di elettroni e 3+1 sale sperimentali Ricerca applicata con FEL ed altre facility Sito Web:

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 3 Acceleratore CEBAF oggi A B C Linac Arc Iniettore Acceleratore lineare ricircolante e - a cavità superconduttrici Fascio polarizzato Alta corrente (200 A) Energia massima 6 GeV 100% duty factor Rilascio del fascio simultaneamente alle tre sale sperimentali A, B e C

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 4 Hall AHall B/CLASHall C Two High Momentum Resolution + one large angular acceptance spectrometers Dedicated neutron and gamma detectors Large acceptance High multiplicity reconstruction Six coils Toroidal field Two Asymmetric spectrometers High momentum range and high resolution Dedicated detectors High beam currents (>100 A), lumi cm -2 s -1 Tagged real photons beam High beam currents (>100 A), lumi cm -2 s -1 3 He T/L Polarized target, high flexibility unpol. from H to Pb NH 3 /ND 3 Polarized long. target NH 3 /ND 3 Polarized long. target, high flexibility unpol. from H to Pb Large and flexible installations 4 coverage Moderately large and flexible installations Sale sperimentali complementari, oggi

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 5 Acceleratore CEBAF dal 2013 CHL-2 Upgrade magnets and power supplies add Hall D (and beam line) 6 GeV CEBAF (< 2013) Max Current: 200 A Max Energy: GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85% 12 GeV CEBAF (>2013) Max Current: 90 A Max Energy Hall A,B,C: 10.9 GeV Max Energy Hall D: 12 GeV Long. Polarization: 75-85% $ 310M

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 6 Hall AHall B/CLAS12Hall CHall D/GLUEX + 1 large angular and momentum, high lumi spectrometer with hadron ID + Dedicated equipment New beam line New 4 toroid detector with (likely) extended hadron ID + super high momentum spectrometer + dedicated equipment Excellent hermetic coverage, Solenoid field High multiplicity reconstruction + lumi cm -2 s -1 + forward tagger for real photons 10 8 linearly polarized, up to 12 GeV, real photons/s + higher targets thickness + trans. polarized H/D target hallaweb.jlab.orgwww.jlab.org/Hall-Bwww.jlab.org/Hall-C Sale sperimentali dopo il 2014

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 7 JLab physics investigations Origin of quark and gluon confinement (non-perturbative QCD) (B & D) –Gluonic excitations - existence and properties of exotic mesons (and baryons) –Mesons and baryons spectroscopy Dynamics of the quarks/gluons in the nucleons (A,B and C) –Parton Distributions Functions (and Fragmentation Functions) –New view of nucleon structure via the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) accessed in Exclusive Reactions –Form Factors - improve knowledge of charge and current in the nucleons; constraints on the GPDs Dynamics of the nucleons in the nuclei (A, B and C) –The Quark Structure of Nuclei (resolving the EMC effect) –The Short-Range Behavior of the N-N Interaction and its QCD Basis –Quark propagation through Nuclear Matter (hadronization) Standard model limits (A and C) –High Precision Tests of the Standard Model via Parity-Violating Electron Scattering Experiments –Measure nuclear properties by weak interaction

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 8 Sezioni INFN partecipanti ( BA, CT, GE, FE, ISS, LNF, RM, RM2) : Ricercatori + Tecnologi: 50 (32.3 FTE) Coordinatori Nazionali: P. Rossi (LNF), E. Cisbani (ISS-Roma) Intensa attività sperimentale al JLab/6 GeV (prevalentemente in sala A e B) Forte coinvolgimento negli sviluppi legati al raddoppio di energia del fascio e aggiornamento degli apparati nelle sale sperimentali Esperimento INFN formalmente attivo dal 2009 per 7 anni, nasce dalla sinergia delle ex sigle AIACE + LEDA per sfruttare al meglio le opportunità sperimentali offerte dallaggiornamento a 12 GeV

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 9 JLab12 Nucleon (Spin) Structure (semi inclusive deep inelastic scattering)

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 10 Origin of the nucleon spin / Nucleon structure Description of the nucleon at leading order in terms of partons U,L,T = Unpolarized, Longitudinally, Transversely Polarized (relative to a predefined direction) If transverse momentum is suppresed, only 3 DFs contributes

Probe the nucleon structure by SIDIS SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 11 (E, k) e N e X FNAL BNL J-PARC

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 12 Peculiarity of JLab Access unexplored valence region (high Q 2 requires high luminosity) From M.Contalbrigo

TMDs latest results at JLab SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 13 From A. Puckett, Jlab 2011 First direct measurement on neutron Collins small, largely compatible to 0; Sivers negative (?) for +, zero for -

GeV Hall B CLAS12 Hall A SBS E E : +, - K +,K - H 2,NH 3,D 2,ND 2,HD-Ice 3 He Adapted from P. Rossi/CSN All experiments approved by JLab PAC August 2011 with high rating All experiments have JLAB12 members as co-spokepersons Very extensive and exhaustive program Require new targets (HD) and new detectors (RICH, GEM) High luminosity 4 acceptance SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 14

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 15 The ultimate descriptions of the nucleon

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 16 JLab12 Nucleon Form Factors

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 17 Proton Form Factors Trasferimento di polarizzazione dalla sonda elettronica al protone diffuso elasticamente Separazione Rosenbluth. Approssimazione di singolo fotone scambiato nellurto elastico Drammatica evidenza dellinadeguatezza dellinterpretazione degli esperimenti di diffusione elastica di elettroni Probabile necessità di considerare termini con scambio di due fotoni Esperimenti in corso a Novosibirsk, JLab, DESY e + p

Test per molti modelli (che includono differenti contributi di momento angolare dei quark) Studio regione di transizione tra la descrizione non- e perturbativa della QCD Vincoli alle distribuzioni generalizzate H ed E Electromagnetic Nucleon Form E : Polarization transferE : Double polarization E : Cross section ratio SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 18

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 19 JLab12 PVES (parity violating electron scattering)

Esperimenti di Violazione della Parità Misura accurata della asimmetria nei processi elastici (e DIS) di elettroni polarizzati longitudinalmente su nucleone/nucleo non polarizzato Accesso alle costanti di accoppiamento deboli elettroni-quark (u/d) delle correnti neutre, ovvero alla corrente debole del protone, ovvero allangolo di mixing debole Pone limiti su esistenza di nuova fisica (PVDIS, QWeak, Möller) Ha permesso la misura del contributo dei quark s ai fattori di forma del nucleone (HAPPEX, G0) Permette la misura di importanti grandezze nucleari soppressi nei processi elettromagnetici PREX SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 20

Lead ( 208 Pb) Radius Experiment: PREX Z 0 is a clean probe that couples mainly to neutrons E = 850 MeV, =6° electrons on lead Elastic Scattering Parity Violating Asymmetry Misura in ultima analisi del raggio della distribuzione dei neutroni nel Piombo Importante per vincolare modelli astrofisici ~ 0.5 ppm Statistics limited (9%) Systematic error goal achieved ! (2%) SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 21

Standard Model Test and more Parity Violation Physics Argomento centrale at Jlab 3 importanti esperimenti approvati per i 12 GeV SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 22

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 23 JLab12 Exotic Mesons Quest

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 24 Origine del confinamento in QCD I mesoni leggeri sono stati di due quark (q-qbar) I numeri quantici del mesone sono determinati dai numeri quantici della coppia q-qbar I quark in tali mesoni sono sorgenti di un flusso di carica di colore intrappolato in un tubo (stringa) che collega i due quark. La formazione del tubo di flusso è legata alla auto-interazione dei gluoni attraverso la loro carica di colore (stati ibridi q-g-qbar) I numeri quantici del mesone ibrido sono determinati dai numeri quantici della coppia q- qbar ed eventuali stati eccitati del tubo di flusso gluonico Tra questi, alcuni sono peculiari dei modi di eccitazione del tubo di flusso L S S 1 2 J VM (J Tube =1) mesoni esotici

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 25 Confinamento: Ricerca di Mesoni Ibridi Esotici Uso di fotoni polarizzati linearmente (8-9 GeV) che possono fluttuare in mesoni vettori I mesoni vettori interagiscono con il nucleone Il mesone diffuso (energie fino a 2.5 GeV) può risultare in un mesone ibrido esotico Uso di rivelatore a grande accettanza per particelle cariche e neutre Necessità di alta luminosità e quindi supporto di alta acquisition-rate Partial-wave analysis dei dati Programma fondamentale della nuova sala D/GlueX ed in parte della attuale e futura sala B/CLAS12

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 26 JLab12 12 GeV era Equipments (RICH, Forward Tagger, HD Target, High Lumi Tracker)

RICH detector for CLAS12 DC R3 R2 R1 DC R3 R2 R1 ECEC ECEC Torus TOF PCAL HTCC Solenoid LTCC INSTITUTIONS ARGONNE NL INFN Bari, Ferrara, Genova, Frascati, Roma/ISS GLASGOW U. JLAB U. CONN UTFSM (Chile) GeV/ c /K /p K/p TOF HTCC LTCC TOF LTCC HTCC full pion / kaon / proton separation in 2–8 GeV/c range /K separation of 8 GeV/c for a rejection factor ~1000 x RICH Aerogel mandatory to separate hadrons in the 2-8 GeV/c momentum range collection of visible Cherenkov light use of MA-PMTs Option under investigation: proximity focusing RICH + mirrors (innovative geometry) SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 27

New RICH geometry SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 28 Aerogel Flat Mirror + AerogelActive Photon Detector Adapted from L. Pappalardo Roma 2011

RICH preliminary prototype 10 H R8900 Aerogel MA-PMTs Electronics Maroc2 front end electronics developed for nuclear medicine preamplifier, adjustable from 1/8 to 4 ADC, about 80fC per channel

Hit distributions E beam (GeV) Aerogel (cm) cm t (cm)n N.B. 1 and 2 cm means 2 or 3 blocks of 1 cm 1cm2cm3cm aerogel n=1.03 aerogel n=1.05 integrated distributions of hits above threshold 3cm SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 30

Meson Spectroscopy in CLAS12 The study of the light-quark meson spectrum and the search for exotic quark-gluon configurations is crucial to reach a deep understanding of QCD: identify relevant degrees of freedom understand the role of gluons and the origin of confinement Photo-production is the ideal tool: linearly polarized photon beam (NEW!) large acceptance detector (CLAS12) Forward Tagger E GeV GeV deg Q2Q – 0.3 GeV 2 W GeV Photon Flux 5 x 10 7 L e =10 35 Quasi-real photoproduction with CLAS12 (Low Q 2 electron scattering) e-e- γ* CLAS12 p e-e- Forward Tagger TrackerElectron angle HodoscopePhoton veto CalorimeterElectron Momentum/Energy Adapted from R. De Vita, Roma/2011 SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 31

HD-ice: polarized frozen spin HD target Polarized target of high dilution factor made of Deuterium Hydride Longitudinal and Transverse polarization: 75% H and 40 % D polarization Relaxation time: > 1 year Data taking: ~ months Weak holding field (BdL 0.1 Tm) Wide acceptance Polarization procedure: ~ 3 months Comparison of signal over background ratio: HD versus conventional polarized target In-beam cryostat - Dilution refrigerator INFN contribution:- Raman analysis of HD gas - NMR for polarization monitoring INFN dilution refrigerator Run with HD-Ice & photon beam starts on Nov 19, 2011 Test of HD-Ice & electron beam scheduled on May, 2012 From P. Rossi SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 32

Uva JLab INFN Rutgers U. College WM U. of Glasgow Norfolk State U. Carnegie Mellon U. U. of New Hampshire SBS Spectrometer in Hall A SiD Large luminosity Moderate acceptance Forward angles Reconfigurable detectors Large luminosity Moderate acceptance Forward angles Reconfigurable detectors SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 33 JLab12 Responsibility: Front Tracker (GEM+SiD) Readout Electronics

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 34 Different (e,eh) experimental configurations ExperimentsLuminosity (s·cm 2 ) -1 Tracking Area (cm 2 ) Resolution Angular (mrad) Vertex (mm) Momentum (%) GMn - GEnup to 7· x150 and 50x200 < 1<20.5% GEp(5) up to 8· x120, 50x200 and 80x300 <0.7 ~1.5 ~ 10.5% SIDISup to 2· x120, 40x150 and 50x200 ~ 0.5~1~1<1% Maximum reusability: same trackers in different setups Most demanding HighRatesLargeArea Down to ~ 70 m spatial resolution

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 35 Choice of the technology System Requirements Tracking Technology DriftMPGDSilicon High Background Rate (up to): (low energy and e) 1 MHz/cm 2 NOMHz/mm 2 High Resolution (down to): 70 m Achievable 50 m30 m Large Area: from 40×150 to 80×300 cm 2 YESDoable Very Expensive … and modular: reuse in different geometrical configurations Flexibility in readout geometry and lower spark rate GEM Ms

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 36 GEM working principle Ionization Multiplication Readout Multiplication Readout independent from ionization and multiplication stages Recent technology: F. Sauli, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A386(1997)531 GEM foil: 50 m Kapton + few m copper on both sides with 70 m holes, 140 m pitch Strong electrostatic field in the GEM holes

SBS Tracker GEM Chambers configuration Modules are composed to form larger chambers with different sizes Electronics along the borders and behind the frame (at 90°) – cyan and blue in drawing Carbon fiber support frame around the chamber (cyan in drawing); dedicated to each chamber configuration Front Tracker Geometry x6 Back Trackers Geometry X(4+4) GEp(5) SBS SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 37

MonteCarlo + Digitazation + Tracking SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 38 High + e background hits MHz/cm 2 (Signal is red) Bogdan Wojtsekhowski + Ole Hansen + Vahe Mamyan et al. 6 GEM chambers with x/y readout Use multisamples (signal shape) for background filtering

Assembling the first 40x50 cm2 module Stretching Gluing the next frame with spacers Foil Tension: T = 2 kg/cm Spacer Sector: S = 170 cm2 Expected maximum pressure on foil P 10 N/m2 Maximum foil deformation: u * P * S / T = 6.4 m Use stretching and spacers to keep foil flat Stretcher design from LNF / Bencivenni et al. SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 39

Beam DESY / Full Module Size 40x50 cm 2 SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 40

Electronics Readout (GEM and SiD) GEM FEC MPD DAQ 2D Readout 75 mm 49.5 mm 8 mm Up to 10m twisted, shielded copper cable (HDMI) Passive backplane (optional) Main features: Use analog readout APV25 chips (analog and time information) 2 active components: Front-End card and VME64x custom module Copper cables between front-end and VME Optional backplane (user designed) acting as signal bus, electrical shielding, GND distributor and mechanical support SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 41

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 42 + Small Silicon Detector Track Angular Range Chamber doublet Dipole SD (x/y) 21 Set 2009 / CSN IIIJLab12 - E. Cisbani42

5mm 10mm 8.5mm 6.5mm A A B B C C D D Disegno custom per JLAB12 da un wafer di 6 (152mm) SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 43

30 cm 23 cm 44 fori di fissaggio SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 44 Fan Out PCB

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 45 Equipment / Physics 12 GeV Equipment Physics HD Target RICH Forward Tagger GEM Tracker Si Detector TMDs, nucleon spin structure XXXX Meson Study X Form Factors XX Parity Violating Electron Scattering X Intensa attività di sviluppo tecnologico per un esteso programma di fisica

SIF 2011 / L'Aquila E. Cisbani / La Sperimentazione al JLab 46 QCD and confinement Large Distance Low Energy Small Distance High Energy Perturbative QCD DIS Scattering Parton models Strong QCD Spectroscopy Phenomenological Models ~ QED QCD High luminosity Polarization (initial and final states) High beam stability Complementary Equipments Dedicated, optimized detectors JLab offers + Test Standard Model