The Language of Speech and Writing Lingua Inglese 2.

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1 The Language of Speech and Writing Lingua Inglese 2

2 Obiettivi: Il corso fornisce un’introduzione all’analisi testuale prendendo in esame le differenze fra la lingua scritta e quella parlata, mirando a promuovere le conoscenze delle caratteristiche principali dei testi scritti e degli aspetti salienti della conversazione nella lingua inglese.

3 Durante le lezioni saranno analizzati: i processi della lingua scritta e della lingua parlata; le differenze principali fra di esse; diversi generi di testi scritti; diversi generi di produzione orale; generi ibridi che mischiano aspetti sia della lingua parlata che della lingua scritta;

4 E’ previsto un livello di conoscenza della lingua inglese corrispondente al livello B1 (del Quadro Comune Europeo di Riferimento per le lingue, stabilito del consiglio d’Europa).

5 La prova finale è scritta e si svolge durante gli appelli delle varie sessioni degli esami. Verifica la capacità degli studenti di definire i vari aspetti della lingua scritta e della lingua parlata tramite gli strumenti analitici e linguistici forniti durante lo svolgimento del modulo.

6 Bibliografia Corblet. S, and Carter R. (2001) The Language of Speech and Writing. London/New York: Routledge. Carter, R. et al. Working with Texts. London/New York: Routledge. – Unit five: Text and Context: written discourse – Unit six: Text and context: spoken discourse

7 Inizio lettorati UOE (gruppo A): lunedì 17/02/14 UOE (gruppo B): lunedì 17/02/14 UOE (gruppo C): lunedì 17/02/14 LISTENING M-Z: martedì 18/02/2014

8 CorsoDocente Orario Modulo 2ADegano Mar. 8-10 (T18) Gio. 8-10 (T32) Use of English Group A Smith lun.8-10 (P24) gio. 13-15 (P24) Use of English Group B Smith lun. 12.00 -14.00 (P24) gio. 15-17.00 (P24) Use of English Group C Smith lun. 8.00-10 (T32) Listening M-ZEade Martedì 13- 15.00 (T30)

9 Orario ricevimento Degano: martedì 10-12 (studio) Email temporanea: chiara.degano@unimi.itchiara.degano@unimi.it Orario ricevimento lettorato: aula P3 Smith: lunedì dalle 16.00 Eade: venerdì 13.00-14.00

10 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u8fdeiuG vM&list=PLW3B6Cncfzy3QwaWD9ppdpc_FJYj qALYl&feature=share&index=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u8fdeiuG vM&list=PLW3B6Cncfzy3QwaWD9ppdpc_FJYj qALYl&feature=share&index=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJ_- v8aHvuM&list=PLW3B6Cncfzy3QwaWD9ppdp c_FJYjqALYl&feature=share http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJ_- v8aHvuM&list=PLW3B6Cncfzy3QwaWD9ppdp c_FJYjqALYl&feature=share

11 Register (Halliday) A theoretical frame for the speaking-writing opposition Aspects of register: – Tenor – Field – Mode Channel: spoken, written genre

12 Speech: time bound; transient, dynamic. Part of an interaction in which participants are present. The speaker has a particular addressee in mind Writing: space-bound; static, permanent. It generally results from distance between reader and writer.

13 Intonation and pauses divide long utterances into manageable chunks. However, boundaries are often unclear. Units of discourse (sentences and paragraphs) are usually easy to identify.

14 Spontaneity and speed make planning difficult. Thinking while you talk involves looser construction: rephrasing, repetition and comment clauses. Writing allows repeated reading and close analysis. Promotes the development of careful organisation and compact expression, often with intricate sentence construction

15 As participants are face-to-face, they are helped by extralinguistic cues such as facial expression and gesture to aid meaning.( FEEDBACK). Lexis can be vague and words that refer directly to the situation (DEIXIS) are widely used. Most writing avoids deictic expressions because they can be ambiguous. Writers have to anticipate the problems posed by the time lag and the variety of recipients in different settings.

16 Many words and constructions are characteristic of (informal) speech. Long coordinated sentences are normal and can be quite complex. Nonsense vocabulary or vague words are not normally written, neither is slang nor obscenity Contractions tend to be avoided in writing. Some words and constructions are more characteristic of writing; multiple instances of subordination in the same sentence; some legal documents have long sentences that spread over various pages. Certain items of vocabulary are never spoken.

17 Speech is suited to social or PHATIC functions. It is suited to expressing personal opinions and feelings thanks to the nuances that prosody and non- linguistic features allow. is particularly suited to recording facts and communicating ideas, and to tasks of memorizing and learning. Written texts are easier to store and scan for information. They can be read at speeds that suit the recipient.

18 Unique features of speech include most of the prosody. The many nuances of intonation, contrasts of tempo, rhythm, and other tones of voice are difficult to convey in writing. Unique features of writing include pages, lines, punctuation and Capitalization. Only a few graphic conventions relate to prosody (!?____). Some written genres cannot be read aloud efficiently and must be assimilated visually.

19 Compare… The worst part about it was I had a friend sitting up here and she’s saying “ha ha”… And I was saying “Go get the police… go Get someone”…I later learned that there are some people who do that in the face of disaster…I mean they just start cracking up as opposed to crying. My helpful friend, perhaps not realizing that I was serious, began laughing. Sue roared all the harder as my situation became more difficult. She claimed I looked funny, clinging there screaming. I realized that she was laughing Because she was incapable of acting: the situation must have been greatly disturbing to her, and so she treated it as if it were another situation.

20 hornworms sure vary a lot in how well they grow vs hornworms growth exhibits a significant amount of variation The difference lies all in register (tenor, field, mode)

21 WRITING Other expansive slabs of limestone, too resistant to the traditional farming methods when soil was created from sand and seaweed, still boast fissures filled with rare, wild flowers.These are the elements that inspired the look of the hotel of Ruairí and his wife Marie-Thérèse, which is an incredibly simple and rustic design hotel.

22 SPEECH IN WRITING (TRANSCRIPTION) S: St Ambrose college RP: oh hallo (.) um (.) I know it’s a bit early in the summer holidays but could you tell me when your school shop’s going to be open? S: er (2) oh dear (3) second (.) second of August RP: Second of august is that the first time it’s open? S: yeah RP:right, what time would that be till? S:oh wait a moment 31st august right that (inaudible) RP: 31st August? S: yep

23 Imitating Speech (dialogue) in fiction I’m sorry just turning up like this, but I knew what you’d say if I phoned. It’s about my daughter’s horse.’ ‘Pilgrim.’ ‘Yes. I know you can help him and I came here to ask you, to have another look at him.’ ‘Mrs Graves…’ Please, just look. It wouldn’t take long.’

24 Written but with features of spoken John: Leaving a bit late after fiddling around with music files for you – but should be there no too much after 11. Io: Ok. See you in the bar.

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