Ch. 10 The Year 1848 Unit 4. The age of nations S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Shocks and new sensibilities The industrial revolution marks the triumph of rationality and the Enlightenment Shocks Cities and the countryside change greatly Wars and revolutions Dramatic changes in the way of life Romanticism (praising irrationality and the Christian religion) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Restoration and Mazzini The European order designed at the Congress of Vienna in based on dynastic politics, not on the principle of self-determination of peoples In order to defend patriotic and republican ideas, Giuseppe Mazzini establishes the associations Giovine Italia (1831) and Giovine Europa (1834) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Mazzini-inspired uprisings S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Mazzini's ideas Mazzini traces a distinction between historical and non-historical nations Historical nations have the right to exist: big ones: France, Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia; small ones: Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Greece Non-historical nations must accept foreign control, they are not entitled to independence Italy, Germany and Poland have the right to assert themselves as unitary independent states S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Unrecognised nations Small-size communities (e.g. Bohemians, Bulgarians) Some national communities are disregarded or ignored Ethnical communities (e.g. Ashkenazic Jews) Nations are imagined communities: they are political-cultural constructs, not given realities S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Socialism Socialists advocate a coalition between the poor and oppressed people Pact of solidarity Promotion of an international league of the working class against capitalist exploitation S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Streams of socialism Socialists are not necessarily factory workers Socialism is not always anticlerical Some socialists are called utopian: Proudhon, Fourier, Saint-Simon, Blanc Marx's and Engels's socialism is called scientific. They elaborate a new political and social theory, Marxism S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Communist Manifesto (1848) With its activity, the bourgeoisie brings about dramatic change. An international system of production and exchange is established Employed labour increases, workers are exploited but cannot do much about it Workers should unite and create an international organization They should take the power and change the society S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Marx's Capital Marx studies the capitalist system in depth Industrial groups tend to become bigger and bigger Products are worth more than labour, people and human relations owners workers owning nothing Increasingly polarized society S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The condition of peasants Landowners (with a feudal or capitalist orientation) exploit peasants The state imposes taxes and military conscription Famines Most of the poor people are peasants S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The revolutions of 1848 People in Palermo rise up against Ferdinand II in January 1848. Riots expand to the rest of the kingdom and to other Italian states A revolution takes place in Paris in February. Louis Philippe abdicates and escapes, the Second Republic is proclaimed Citizens in Prague and Budapest mobilize and ask for a liberal Constitution and greater political autonomy; Ferdinand I consents to them Also Frederick William IV of Prussia promulgates a Constitution S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The uprisings of 1848 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The strengthening of democracy Revolutions of 1848 rise expectations Uprisings favor political acculturation and democratic mobilization Monarchy is challenged by the principle of representativeness S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

France in summer 1848 French liberals are happy with the political revolution, while socialists aspire to a social revolution. The latter call for the establishment of public factories (ateliers nationaux) Workers organize a demonstration in June 1848 to promote public works and the principle of the right to work The demonstration is violently repressed: many workers are shooted or arrested and condemned S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Minorities in the Austrian empire Hungarian, Romenian and Slavic nationalists fight with each other The Austrian government takes advantage of these divisions: nationalists are attacked by the army Lead by Lajos Kossuth, Hungarians resist bravely, but finally capitulate to the Austrian and Russian troops S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016