Unit 4. The age of wars of religion Ch. 10 Charles V and the Protestant Reformation S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Charles V's empire From the mother From the father Spain, its possessions in Southern Italy and the Americas Flanders, Luxembourg and Franche-Comté Austria and Bohemia S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The size of Charles V's empire S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The emperor and his enemies Emperor Charles V (1519-1556) Main enemies King of France Sultan of the Ottoman empire Some German princes S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Charles V's universalism Charles V is a profoundly Catholic king Dream of a universal Catholic empire Defence of the emperor's political primacy and of the Pope's religious one S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Premises of the Italian Wars The system of balance between Italian states is shaken by the invasion of Charles VIII of France The new king of France is Francis I; he wants to challenge the Habsburgs' influence on Italy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Italian Wars 1515, Battle of Marignano: France conquers the duchy of Milan 1525, Battle of Pavia: France is defeated and loses Milan, Francis I is made captive 1530: Francis I is free again, makes a deal with Charles V and marries his sister S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Italy after the Treaty of Cambrai (1530) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1547, Battle of St. Quentin: Spain gains an important victory upon the French army 1559, Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France sign a peace agreement S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Italy after Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Wars against the Ottomans Guided by the corsair Barbarossa, Ottomans have been lording it over the Mediterranean regions Charles V decides to set up a fleet to counter them The imperial fleet manages to conquer Tunis in 1535, but the balance of power in the Mediterranean does not change S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The corruption of the clergy Bishops leave their dioceses and move to Rome Priests' behavior is not closely scrutinized by their superiors They raise money by selling indulgences They violate celibacy and set up families S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The role of the regular clergy Low clergy High clergy Regular clergy (mendicant orders) often coming from outside enjoying freedom of speech It can denounce the corruption of the clergy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Martin Luther Born in 1483 out of a relatively wealthy family Enters the cloister in 1505, then becomes priest Graduates in theology in 1512 Publishes the “95 theses” in Wittenberg in 1517, which strongly criticize the sale of indulgences S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Luther and the Reformation 1521: Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther and summons him in Worms to retract his theses, but Luther refuses Enjoying the protection of Frederick of Saxony, Luther settles in Wartburg and engages with the translation of the Bible into German Some German princes decide to join the Reformation, affirming their political autonomy from the Emperor S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The principles of the Reformation 1. To have faith is necessary and sufficient for salvation 2. Universal priesthood: anyone can enter in contact with God, priests' mediation is not necessary 3. Anyone can read and interpret the Bible by himself/herself S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Luther's ideas spread Initially, Luther's ideas do not have a very significant impact They start to spread thanks to print and caricatures Charles V and Leo X start to worry S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016