The Catholic Counter-Reformation Unit 4. The age of the wars of religion Ch. 12 The Catholic Counter-Reformation S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

A Catholic “Reformation” Spain and Italy are the only big European countries where wars of religion do not erupt Bishops mainly coming from these countries meet in Trent from 1545 to 1563 They discuss a reform of the Catholic Church, to address widespread criticism against the clergy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Reforms of the Council of Trent Corrupt priests are discharged, the structure of the clergy is reformed Bishops must take care of and reside in their own communities Stronger stress on care of souls and assistance to the poors Parishes and confraternities are given more importance Some changes to baptism, marriage and anointing S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Decisions on doctrine The Council of Trento reaffirms: the importance of deeds to obtain salvation all seven sacraments, and the dogma of transubstantiation for the Eucharist the Virgin's and saints' power of mediation and intercession the value of the Church's tradition, as important as the Scriptures S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Ignatius of Loyola 1491: born of a noble Spanish family; serves in the army until he is 30 1521: takes part in the defence of Pamplona against the French; is injured and decides to change life course Enters a monastery for one year, adopting an extremely strict behaviour and undergoing regular examinations of conscience S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Society of Jesus Fight against the promoters of Protestant Reformation 1534, Paris: Ignatius of Loyola establishes the Society of Jesus Joy of being alive is identified as the kernel of Catholic faith The Pope recognizes it in 1440 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Jesuit schools in Italy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Holy Office is created (Inquisition court to fight against heresy) Network for surveillance and instruments of repression This is the reason why Reformation movements have no success in Italy and Spain S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Heretics in Italy Reformation ideas spread thanks to… traders or travelling friars and monks Nicodemites (Protestants pretending to be Catholics) Exiles (towards Switzerland, England, Germany or Poland) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The activity of the Holy Office The threat of heresy becomes less pressing abused sacraments blasphemy inappropriate use of sacred pictures Inquisitors focus on the behavior of believers superstitions sexual sins Women are accused of witchery, not only in Catholic countries The Inquisition judges collective morality S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Repression of books The Church sets up a system to control… print books (e.g. vernacular versions of the Bible) and the printers of the books forbidden by the Index S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Censorship in Europe S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Forbidden books Vernacular versions of the Bible (it had to be in Latin, because it had to be explained by priests) Some masterpieces of Italian literature (e.g. books by Dante, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Aretino, Ariosto, Castiglione) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Jesuits' missions Through apostolate and preaching, Jesuits spread the principles of Catholicism Catechism textbooks are prepared (e.g. Robert Bellarmine's Dottrina cristiana breve): they are meant to stress the difference in the level of education between clergy and believers S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Confessions Only the Church can absolve from sins, through the sacrament of confession Confessionals are introduced: priests and believers are not in direct contact anymore S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Charles Borromeo Believers' trust in the Church increases thanks to the activity of effective bishops such as Charles Borromeo Charles leads Milanese Catholics between 1566 and 1584: new churches are built, corrupt priests are punished, charitable activites are promoted S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016