Humanism and Renaissance Unit 3. A new world Ch. 7 Humanism and Renaissance S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Relations with the Classics Humanism: cultural movement to make individuals better through culture Retrieval of moral and civil values of the Classics Recovery of old manuscripts preserved in monasteries S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Retrieved works S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Philology is born Humanists want to work on texts, commenting them and correcting mistakes Desire to experience classical works exactly how they were conceived by their authors Textual criticism S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Individuals' analytical skills are highly valued The culture of criticism Textual criticism spreads, thanks to patrons' support Lorenzo Valla Proves that the Donation of Constantine is false Points at limits of Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible Individuals' analytical skills are highly valued Protestant Reformation S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Languages and Humanism Greek becomes popular again. Leontius Pilatus teaches it in Florence and translates Iliad and Odissey into Latin. Greek is widely studied since mid 15th century, many people with a Greek culture move to Italy Greek Thanks to the study of the Classics, Latin comes back to its old levels of exactness and elegance. Latin is lingua franca for communication across Europe Latin Beside promoting classical languages, Humanists want to raise the status of vernacular, codifying it. Vernacular is employed to write literary works, it is used not only by illitterates but also by intellectuals vernacular S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Renaissance art Artistic expression flourishes in Italy Donatello, Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo Noblemen's palaces change appearance Italian courts start to compete for magnificence and display of masterpieces S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Sacred and profane A secular culture is born in the Renaissance Clients have artists depict profane subjects Beside saints, heroes from history and mitology are represented Modern patronage is born S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The discovery of the individual In the Renaissance it increases the interest in history and politics the individual outer appearance Niccolò Machiavelli comments Titus Livius and publishes The Prince in 1513 Individuality is valued, belonging to medieval groups becomes less important Clients want artists to represent them as they really are S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Women in the Renaissance Women's condition does not change much in the Renaissance: old prejudices remain present the justice system stipulates women's lower status the role of ordinary women continues to be tied to “feminine” activities S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The development of science Despite the Church's opposition, science progresses during the Renaissance: Andreas Vesalius engages with anatomical dissection to understand how the human body works Nicolaus Copernicus proves that it is the Earth that rotates around the Sun (challenge to the Ptolemaic system) The first botanic gardens and nature musemus are created Pisanello and Albrecht Dürer seek to represent nature in a more realistic way S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Astrology Despite the success enjoyed by science, people still believe that human actions are affected by the stars Astrologists provide horoscopes, trust in astrology is not limited to lower classes S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Starting from the 15th cent. New machines Starting from the 15th cent. machines are not only meant to entertain …but also to address actual problems e.g. Leonardo da Vinci's machines and mechanisms S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The number of available Gutenberg's printing revolution Movable type printing Production of paper No more mistakes due to manual copying Serial production of books The price of books decreases The number of available books increases S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Gunpowder and war Gunpowder is used in wartime: Portable weapons (arquebus); Heavy weapons (wheeled cannons), artillery Heavy weapons are expensive and difficult to bring to the battlefields, but extremely powerful S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

New ways of fighting New weapons and gunpowder change the way in which wars are fought: end of knights' dominance, war becomes more “democratic” new fortresses are built, with large towers and low walls with ramparts armies employ more soldiers, but wars become longer S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016