“Alternative methods in animal experimentation: evaluating scientific, ethical and social issues in the 3Rs context” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma University of Stirling, Stirling, Scozia National Institute of Public Health, Bilthoven, Olanda University of Utrecht, Olanda

“An alternative for an animal experiment is any procedure - that is: any method or technique, proposal or approach - that is meant to replace a particular science-based procedure that may harm the interests of animals, to reduce the numbers of animals required, or to refine the procedure in such a way that the welfare of the animals in the procedure itself or in its context, is optimised”

“Alternativa a cosa?”

Un approccio alternativo a un problema che motiva un certo esperimento animale è esplorare altri punti di vista mediante i quali affrontare quel determinato problema

‘All procedures which can either completely replace the need for animal experiments, reduce the numbers of animals required, or diminish the amount of pain or distress suffered by animals in meeting the essential needs of man and other animals’ (Smythe, 1978)

‘An alternative for an animal experiment is any procedure – that is: any method or technique, proposal or approach - that is meant to replace a particular science-based procedure that may harm the interests of animals, to reduce the numbers of animals required, or to refine the procedure in such a way that the welfare of the animals in the procedure itself or in its context, is optimised’ (Anim.Al.See., 2004)

Agenda per una analisi teorica e pratica del concetto di “Refinement”

Miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dell’animale

Agenda per una analisi teorica e pratica del concetto di “Refinement” Miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dell’animale Necessità dell’individuo-Etologia dell’animale da laboratorio?

Agenda per una analisi teorica e pratica del concetto di “Refinement” Miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dell’animale Necessità dell’individuo-Etologia dell’animale da laboratorio? “Refinement” dell’attitudine e delle condizioni di lavoro

Agenda per una analisi teorica e pratica del concetto di “Refinement” Miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dell’animale Necessità dell’individuo-Etologia dell’animale da laboratorio? “Refinement” dell’attitudine e delle condizioni di lavoro Rischio di antropomorfizzare?

Possibilità di auto-sviluppo comportamentale Incrementare i gradi di libertà comportamentale

STRATEGIA DI ARRICCHIMENTO ‘Controllo’ Scelta Flessibilità comportamentale

Platforms vs. shelters

High branches vs. mid-height branches

Fixed branches vs. movable branches

Fam. V Fam. D Fam. C Time spent by the different families in the two enriched cages Platforms Shelters I°, II°, III°, IV°= Replications I° II° I° III° IV° * F 6,18 =4,27; p<.05

I°II°III°IV° i I°II°III°IV° Fam. D Time spent resting by the different families on the two enrichments I°, II°, III°, IV°= Replications Platforms Shelters Fam. C Fam. V II° I° III° IV° * F 6,18 =7,55; p<.05

Fam. V Time spent in social behaviours on the two enrichments by the different families Fam. C Fam. D I°, II°, III°, IV°= Replications Platforms Shelters * * * * * * I° II° III° IV° F 6,18 =19,93; p<.05

Etologia dell’animale da laboratorio Storia della colonia, della famiglia, dell’individuo

Refinement is defined as "simply to reduce to an absolute minimum the amount of stress imposed on those animals that are still used" (Russell & Burch, 1959)

“Any approach which avoids, alleviates or minimises the actual or potential pain, distress and other adverse effects suffered at any time during the life of the animals involved, or which enhances their wellbeing as far as possible” (Anim.Al.See, 2004)