UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA TRE Cattedra di diritto costituzionale comparato Prof. Alfonso Celotto LA DISCIPLINA COSTITUZIONALE DELLA FUNZIONE GIURISDIZIONALE.

Presentazione sul tema: "UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA TRE Cattedra di diritto costituzionale comparato Prof. Alfonso Celotto LA DISCIPLINA COSTITUZIONALE DELLA FUNZIONE GIURISDIZIONALE."— Transcript della presentazione:

1 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA TRE Cattedra di diritto costituzionale comparato Prof. Alfonso Celotto LA DISCIPLINA COSTITUZIONALE DELLA FUNZIONE GIURISDIZIONALE CORSO A CURA DELL’AVV. DOMENICO DODARO QUINTA LEZIONE

2 IL REGNO UNITO The United Kingdom is unlike most other democratic countries in Europe and the Commonwealth (apart from New Zealand) in having neither a comprehensive written constitution nor a constitutional charter of fundamental rights which is supreme over ordinary law and able to be amended only by a special prescribed procedure. UK has no comprehensive constitutional charter which establishes and gives limited powers to the institutions of government, or which confers and protects the civil and political rights of citizens, or which restricts Parliamentary sovereignty. There are thus no British rights that are ‘fundamental’ in the sense that they enjoy special constitutional protection against Parliament.

3 IL REGNO UNITO The liberties of the subject are implications derived from two principles. The first principle is that we may say or do as we please, provided that we do not transgress the substantive law or the legal rights of others. The second principle is that the Crown and public authorities may only act if they have the power to do so. These powers can derive from legislation, common law and – as far as the Crown is concerned – the royal prerogative. UK laws are a combination of statute law and the principles of the common law and equity developed by the courts.

4 IL REGNO UNITO The UK system is based upon the constitutional principles of Parliamentary sovereignty and the Rule of Law. The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty means that the power to legislate may be exercised only by Parliament. The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty also means that Parliament cannot limit the power of a future Parliament to amend or repeal legislation. The Rule of Law means, among other things, that it is the responsibility of the independent judiciary to interpret and apply the law impartially and fairly, free from government influence or interference.

5 IL REGNO UNITO The UK constitutional system is also different from that of some other countries in that international treaties do not automatically become part of our law. Parliamentary legislation, such as the European Communities Act 1972, is passed to bring international obligations into domestic law. The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948, though binding in international law on the UK, has not been directly incorporated by legislation into UK law. UK courts operate a presumption that where a treaty has been accepted by the Government on behalf of the UK and its citizens, Parliament is presumed to legislate to give effect to the terms of the treaty when introducing legislation in that area.

6 IL REGNO UNITO Apart from specific legislation giving direct or indirect effect to particular Convention rights, the main legislative ways in which the Convention rights have been given effect is by means of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the devolution legislation for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Human Rights Act provides legal remedies for violations of Convention rights while adhering to the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty by withholding from our courts the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that are held to be incompatible with Convention rights. The Act requires the UK courts and tribunals to take into account judgments of theEuropean Court of Human Rights where they are relevant. So far as possible, it also requires legislation to be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights.

7 IL REGNO UNITO Where a specified higher court considers that a provision in an Act of Parliament is not compatible with a Convention right, the Human Rights Act empowers the court to make a declaration of incompatibility. A declaration of incompatibility does not affect the validity, continuing operation or enforcement of the provision in respect of which it is given. So the relevant legislative provision continues to have force and effect, despite its incompatibility with Convention rights, until such time as it is amended. It is for the Government to decide whether to seek to amend the law. If it decides not to do so, the alleged victim of a violation may have recourse to the European Court of Human Rights, but has no further remedy under UK law.

8 IL REGNO UNITO The Human Rights Act also makes it unlawful for any public authority (which includes courts and tribunals but excludes Parliament) to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right (apart from where they are required by primary legislation to act in that way). A person who claims that a public authority has acted or proposes to act in a manner made unlawful by the Act may bring proceedings provided that the claimant is a victim within the meaning of the Convention. The Act empowers a court or tribunal to grant appropriate remedies when it finds that a public authority has acted or proposes to act in a way which is incompatible with Convention rights and has therefore acted unlawfully.

9 IL REGNO UNITO However, no award of damages may be made unless it is necessary, having regard to any other remedy, to afford ‘just satisfaction’ to the claimant. When deciding whether to award damages, or the amount of an award, the court or tribunal must take into account the principles applied by the Strasbourg Court in awarding compensation under Article 41 of the Convention.

10 IL REGNO UNITO On 18 March 2011 the Government established a Commission on a Bill of Rights, an independent Commission whose aim is; “To investigate the creation of a UK Bill of Rights that incorporates and builds on all our obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights, ensures that these rights continue to be enshrined in UK law, and protects and extend our liberties. To examine the operation and implementation of these obligations, and consider ways to promote a better understanding of the true scope of these obligations and liberties.”

11 IL REGNO UNITO On 5 August 2011, the Commission started a public consultation process asking the following four questions : (1) do you think we need a UK Bill of Rights? If so, (2) what do you think a UK Bill of Rights should contain? (3) how do you think it should apply to the UK as a whole, including its four component countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales? (4) having regard to our terms of reference, are there any other views which you would like to put forward at this stage?

12 IL REGNO UNITO On 24th March 2005 the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 has been enacted : “An Act to make provision for modifying the office of Lord Chancellor, and to make provision relating to the functions of that office; to establish a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, and to abolish the appellate jurisdiction of the House of Lords; to make provision about the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the judicial functions of the President of the Council; to make other provision about the judiciary, their appointment and discipline; and for connected purposes.”

13 IL REGNO UNITO After the enactment of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the structure of the Judiciary is, in summary, as follows. Courts of first instance for civil disputes are the County Courts, competent for smaller claims, and the High Court of Justice. The High Court of Justice is divided in three Divisions; the Queen’s Bench Division, competent for commercial claims, the Family Division and the Chancery Division, competent for property rights. For misdemeanour cases, the first instance courts are the Magistrate’s Courts (Justices of Peace). More serious criminal cases are vested in first instance to the Crown Courts.

14 IL REGNO UNITO The second instance court is the Court of Appeal. The presiding judge of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal is the Lord Chief Justice, the head of the Justice and President of the Courts of England and Wales. The Presiding judge of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal is the Master of the Rolls. Before the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the highest court was established at the House of Lords. Now, the court of last resort is the Supreme Court, absorbing the jurisdiction of the House of Lords and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (formerly competent for appeals from the Countries of the Commonwealth).

15 IL REGNO UNITO Part 2: The office of the Lord Chancellor Sec. 3 - Guarantee of continued judicial independence (1) The Lord Chancellor, other Ministers of the Crown and all with responsibility for matters relating to the judiciary or otherwise to the administration of justice must uphold the continued independence of the judiciary. (2) omissis (3) omissis (4) The following particular duties are imposed for the purpose of upholding that independence. (5) The Lord Chancellor and other Ministers of the Crown must not seek to influence particular judicial decisions through any special access to the judiciary. …segue…

16 IL REGNO UNITO …segue… Sec. 3
(6) The Lord Chancellor must have regard to— (a) the need to defend that independence; (b) the need for the judiciary to have the support necessary to enable them to exercise their functions; (c) the need for the public interest in regard to matters relating to the judiciary or otherwise to the administration of justice to be properly represented in decisions affecting those matters. (7) In this section “the judiciary” includes the judiciary of any of the following— (a) the Supreme Court; (b) any other court established under the law of any part of the United Kingdom; (c) any international court.

17 IL REGNO UNITO Sec. 7 - President of the Courts of England and Wales (1) The Lord Chief Justice holds the office of President of the Courts of England and Wales and is Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales; (2) As President of the Courts of England and Wales he is responsible— (a) for representing the views of the judiciary of England and Wales to Parliament, to the Lord Chancellor and to Ministers of the Crown generally; (b) for the maintenance of appropriate arrangements for the welfare, training and guidance of the judiciary of England and Wales within the resources made available by the Lord Chancellor; (c) for the maintenance of appropriate arrangements for the deployment of the judiciary of England and Wales and the allocation of work within courts. …segue…

18 IL REGNO UNITO … segue Sec. 7 (3) The President of the Courts of England and Wales is president of the courts listed in subsection (4) and is entitled to sit in any of those courts. (4) The courts are— - the Court of Appeal - the High Court - the Crown Court - the county courts - the magistrates' courts. (5) In section 1 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54), subsection (2) (Lord Chancellor to be president of the Supreme Court of England and Wales) ceases to have effect.

19 IL REGNO UNITO Sec. 8 - Head and Deputy Head of Criminal Justice (1) There is to be a Head of Criminal Justice. (2) The Head of Criminal Justice is— (a) the Lord Chief Justice, or (b) if the Lord Chief Justice appoints another person, that person (3) The Lord Chief Justice may appoint a person to be Deputy Head of Criminal Justice. (4), (5) omissis Sec. 9 - Head and Deputy Head of Family Justice (1) The President of the Family Division is Head of Family Justice. (2) The Lord Chief Justice may appoint a person to be Deputy Head of Family Justice. (3), (4) omissis.

20 IL REGNO UNITO Sec Powers to make rules Sec Powers to give directions Schedule 1 and 2 give the Lord Chief Justice, or his nominee, with the agreement of the Lord Chancellor , the power to make “designated rules” and to give “designated directions”, i.e. rules and directions under other acts. For instance, The Civil Procedure Act 1997 provides for practice directions containing different provision for different cases; for a specific court, for specific proceedings or for a specific jurisdiction; guidance about the application or interpretation of the law and the making of judicial decisions; criteria for determining which judges may be allocated to hear particular categories of case.

21 IL REGNO UNITO Part 3: The Supreme Court Sec The Supreme Court (1) There is to be a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. (2) The Court consists of 12 judges appointed by Her Majesty by letters patent. (3) Her Majesty may from time to time by Order in Council amend subsection (2) so as to increase or further increase the number of judges of the Court. (4) No recommendation may be made to Her Majesty in Council to make an Order under subsection (3) unless a draft of the Order has been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament. …segue…

22 IL REGNO UNITO ….segue Sec. 23 (5) Her Majesty may by letters patent appoint one of the judges to be President and one to be Deputy President of the Court. (6) The judges other than the President and Deputy President are to be styled “Justices of the Supreme Court”. (7) The Court is to be taken to be duly constituted despite any vacancy among the judges of the Court or in the office of President or Deputy President.

23 IL REGNO UNITO Pursuant to sections 24-25, the first to become Justices of the Supreme Court were the former Lords of Appeal in ordinary. For the following appointments, qualification requisites apply, i.e.: having satisfied the judicial-appointment eligibility or being a qualifying practitioner for at least 15 years. Pursuant to sec. 26, the Prime Minister is competent to recommend a judge for the appointment as judge, President or Deputy President of the Supreme Court. The Lord Chancellor must convene a selection commission in case of vacancies. The selection commission is constituted and operates according to Schedule 8.

24 IL REGNO UNITO SCHEDULE 8 - Supreme Court selection commissions (1) A selection commission consists of the following members— (a) the President of the Supreme Court; (b) the Deputy President of the Supreme Court; (c) one member of each of the following bodies— (i) the Judicial Appointments Commission; (ii) the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland; (iii) the Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Commission. If the President's or Deputy President’s place on a selection commission is unfilled, the the most senior ordinary judge of the Supreme Court takes that place. Schedule 8 provides for a detailed table of substitutes with respect to the jurisdictions involved. Disqualification for the purposes of membership of a selection commission and dissolution of a selection commission are the competence of the Lord Chancellor.

25 IL REGNO UNITO Sections discipline the selection process. The selection commission reports to the Lord Chancellor the selected names. The Lord Chancellor may: (a) notify the selection; (b) reject the selection; (c) require the commission to reconsider the selection. Rejection or request to reconsider the selection may occur twice; then the Lord Chancellor must notify the selection to the Prime Minister.

26 IL REGNO UNITO Sec. 33 – Tenure A judge of the Supreme Court holds that office during good behaviour, but may be removed from it on the address of both Houses of Parliament.

27 IL REGNO UNITO Sec. 40 – Jurisdiction (1) The Supreme Court is a superior court of record. (2) An appeal lies to the Court from any order or judgment of the Court of Appeal in England and Wales in civil proceedings. (3) An appeal lies to the Court from any order or judgment of a court in Scotland if an appeal lay from that court to the House of Lords at or immediately before the commencement of this section. (4) Schedule 9— (a) transfers other jurisdiction from the House of Lords to the Court, (b)t ransfers devolution jurisdiction from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to the Court, and (c) makes other amendments relating to jurisdiction. …segue…

28 IL REGNO UNITO Segue Sec. 40 (5) The Court has power to determine any question necessary to be determined for the purposes of doing justice in an appeal to it under any enactment. (6) An appeal under subsection (2) lies only with the permission of the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court; but this is subject to provision under any other enactment restricting such an appeal.

29 IL REGNO UNITO Sec Making of rules (1) The President of the Supreme Court may make rules (to be known as “Supreme Court Rules”) governing the practice and procedure to be followed in the Court. (2) The power to make Supreme Court Rules includes power to make different provision for different cases, including different provision— (a) for different descriptions of proceedings, or (b) for different jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. (3) The President must exercise the power to make Supreme Court Rules with a view to securing that— (a) the Court is accessible, fair and efficient, and (b) the rules are both simple and simply expressed. …segue…

30 IL REGNO UNITO … segue Sec.45 (4) Before making Supreme Court Rules the President must consult all of the following— (a) the Lord Chancellor; (b) the bodies listed in subsection (5); (c) such other bodies that represent persons likely to be affected by the Rules as the President considers it appropriate to consult. (5) The bodies referred to in subsection (4)(b) are— - The General Council of the Bar of England and Wales; - The Law Society of England and Wales; - The Faculty of Advocates of Scotland; - The Law Society of Scotland; - The General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland; - The Law Society of Northern Ireland.

31 IL REGNO UNITO According to sections 49 and 50 hiring of staff and internal organization of the Supreme Court is competence of the President of the Court. Providing suitable accommodation for the Court is the competence of the Lord Chancellor. The Court’s operation may be financed by fees pursuant to section 52.

32 IL REGNO UNITO Sec. 52 – Fees (1) The Lord Chancellor may, with the agreement of the Treasury, by order prescribe fees payable in respect of anything dealt with by the Supreme Court. (2) An order under this section may, in particular, contain provision about— (a) scales or rates of fees; (b) exemptions from fees; (c) reductions in fees; (d) whole or partial remission of fees. (3) When including any provision in an order under this section, the Lord Chancellor must have regard to the principle that access to the courts must not be denied.

33 IL REGNO UNITO Part 4: Judicial appointments and discipline Sec The Judicial Appointments Commission (1) There is to be a body corporate called the Judicial Appointments Commission. (2) Schedule 12 is about the Commission.

34 IL REGNO UNITO SCHEDULE 12 - The Judicial Appointments Commission Part 1 - The Commissioners 1 The Commission consists of— (a) a chairman, and (b) 14 other Commissioners, appointed by Her Majesty on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor. 2 (1) The chairman must be a lay member. (2) Of the other Commissioners— (a) 5 must be judicial members, (b) 2 must be professional members, (c) 5 must be lay members, (d) 1 other must be the holder of an office listed in Part 3 of Schedule 14 or of an office listed in sub-paragraph (2A) , and (e) 1 other must be a lay justice member. …segue…

35 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 (2A) The offices referred to in sub-paragraph (2)(d) are— (a) Senior President of Tribunals; (b) judge of the Upper Tribunal appointed under paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 3 to the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007; (c) transferred-in judge, or transferred-in other member, of the First-tier Tribunal or of the Upper Tribunal (see section 31(2) of that Act); (d) deputy judge of the Upper Tribunal under section 31(2) of that Act; (e) member of the Employment Appeal Tribunal appointed under section 22(1)(c) of the Employment Tribunals Act …segue…

36 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 (3) Of the Commissioners appointed as judicial members— (a) 1 must be a Lord Justice of Appeal; (b) 1 must be a puisne judge of the High Court; (c) 1 other must be either a Lord Justice of Appeal or a puisne judge of the High Court; (d) 1 must be a circuit judge; (e) 1 must be a district judge of a county court, a District Judge (Magistrates' Courts) or a person appointed to an office under section 89 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54). …segue…

37 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 (4) Of the Commissioners appointed as professional members— (a) 1 must be a practising barrister in England and Wales; (b) 1 must be a practising solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. (5) A Commissioner is not to be taken into account for the purposes of any paragraph of sub-paragraph (2) unless he was appointed for the purposes of that paragraph. …segue…

38 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 3 A person must not be appointed as a Commissioner if he is employed in the civil service of the State. 4 (1) A judicial member is a person who holds an office listed in paragraph 2(3) and who is not a practising lawyer. (2) A professional member is a person who is— (a)a practising barrister in England and Wales, or (b)a practising solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. (3) A lay member is a person resident in England or Wales who has never held a listed judicial office or been a practising lawyer. …segue…

39 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 (4) A lay justice member is a justice of the peace who— (a) holds no other listed judicial office, (b) is not a practising barrister in England and Wales, and (c) is not a practising solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. The Lord Chancellor may by order amend the composition of the commission within the constraints set forth in paragraph 5.

40 IL REGNO UNITO … segue SCHEDULE 12 The Lord Chancellor may recommend a person for the appointment as Commissioner on the basis of a previous selection made by the Judge’s Council or by a panel appointed by the same Lord Chancellor pursuant to paragraph 7 and 8. The panel is composed of four members: One, to act as chairman, appointed by the Lord Chancellor with the agreement of the Lord Chief Justice; the second to be the Lord Chief Justice; the third appointed by the first and the fourth to be the chairman of the Commission.

41 IL REGNO UNITO Sec Merit and good character (1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply to any selection under this Part by the Commission or a selection panel (“the selecting body”). (2) Selection must be solely on merit. (3) A person must not be selected unless the selecting body is satisfied that he is of good character. Sec Encouragement of diversity (1) The Commission, in performing its functions under this Part, must have regard to the need to encourage diversity in the range of persons available for selection for appointments. (2) This section is subject to section 63.

42 IL REGNO UNITO Sections discipline the selection and appointment process of the Lord Chief Justice and Heads of Division. The Lord Chancellor has the duty to fill vacancies in such key roles of the UK Judiciary. In order to make a recommendation to fill a vacancy, the Lord Chancellor asks the Commission to select a person. The Commission must appoint a selection panel which provides for the appointment.

43 IL REGNO UNITO The panel is composed of four members, and namely: - the first member is the most senior England and Wales Supreme Court judge who is not disqualified, or his nominee (to be selected among Supreme Court Judges, Heads of Division or Lord Justices of Appeal); - the second member is the Lord Chief Justice or his nominee or, lacking the Lord Chief Justice, a nominee of the first member (to be selected among Supreme Court Judges, Heads of Division or Lord Justices of Appeal); - the third member is the chairman of the Commission or his nominee or, lacking the chairman of the Commission, a lay member of the Commission selected by the lay members of the Commission; - the fourth member is a lay member of the Commission designated by the third member. The Lord Chancellor may reject the selection or request that it is reconsidered twice; then he must accept the selection.

44 IL REGNO UNITO Sections 75A-75G discipline the selection and appointment process of the Senior President of Tribunals. The Lord Chancellor makes a request to the Commission, which must appoint a selection panel. The selection panel consists of four members: - The first member is the Lord Chief Justice or his nominee to be selected among Heads of Division or Lord Justices of Appeal; - The second member is a person designated by the Lord Chief Justice among Senior Presidents of Tribunals, Chamber Presidents of the Upper Tribunal or persons of similar expertise; - The third member is the chairman of the Commission or his nominee or, lacking the chairman of the Commission, a lay member of the Commission, designated by the other lay members; - The fourth member is a lay member of the Commission, designated by the third member.

45 IL REGNO UNITO Sections discipline the selection and appointment process of the Lord Justice of Appeal. The Lord Chancellor makes a request to the Commission, which must appoint a selection panel. The selection panel consists of four members: - The first member is the Lord Chief Justice or his nominee to be selected among Heads of Division or Lord Justices of Appeal; - The second member is a Head of Division or Lord Justice of Appeal designated by the Lord Chief Justice; - The third member is the chairman of the Commission or his nominee or, lacking the chairman of the Commission, a lay member of the Commission, designated by the other lay members; - The fourth member is a lay member of the Commission, designated by the third member.

46 IL REGNO UNITO Sections discipline the selection and appointment process of puisne Judges of the High Court and other offices listed in Schedule 14. The Lord Chancellor makes a request to the Commission, which provides for the selection directly. In all cases ruled under sections 75-A to 93 the Lord Chancellor may reject the selection or request that it is reconsidered twice; then he must accept the selection. The selection process does not apply to appointments of salaried officers to undertake fee-paid offices. In such cases, pursuant to Section 94A and 94B the Lord Chancellor may make the appointment with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice or, as the case may be, the Senior Presidents of Tribunal.

47 IL REGNO UNITO Sections discipline the complaints procedures. Competence for complaints with regard to appointments and recommendations is vested in the Commission and in the Lord Chancellor or, after their decision, in the Ombudsman. Sections discipline the Disciplinary powers. The Lord Chancellor has power to remove the judicial officers listed in Schedule 14; the Lord Chief Justice has power to lesser disciplinary sanctions. Interested parties may apply to the Ombudsman to challenge the exercise of a disciplinary function.

48 DATI STATISTICI NUMERO DEI PROCESSI PENALI INIZIATI NELL’ANNO 2008(ASSOLUTO E PER ABITANTI) Paese Totale Seri Minori Totali *100kA Severi * 100kA Minori * 100kA Italia France Spain Germania , ,1 464,7

49 DATI STATISTICI Un parametro rilevante di misurazione dell’efficienza del sistema giudiziario è costituito dal tasso di definizione (“clearance rate”), dato espresso in percentuale e ottenuto dal rapporto: CASI DEFINITI : CASI INTRODOTTI * 100 Se il tasso di definizione è prossimo al 100%, il sistema giudiziario è in grado di definire ogni anno sostanzialmente tanti giudizi quanti ne vengono introdotti. Se il tasso è superiore al 100% il sistema è più efficiente; se è inferiore il numero di giudizi introdotti eccede quelli definiti e si accumula arretrato. Un primo dato che può desumersi è che l’inefficienza del sistema giudiziario nazionale è tanto più evidente se si considera che nel 2000 occorrevano in Italia in media più di 800 giorni per giungere alla definizione di una controversia per i procedimenti civili di primo grado, mentre in alcuni tra i principali membri dell’UE con sistema legale di civil law, il tempo di risoluzione era assai inferiore: circa 130 giorni in Germania, per le cause di prima istanza presso i tribunali locali (Amtsgericht), 153 giorni in Francia, 275 giorni in Spagna.Questi pochi dati, pur in presenza di miglioramenti percentuali positivi, denunziano comunque chiaramente come via sia una evidente sproporzione tra il flusso dei procedimenti in entrata (domanda di giustizia) e quelli dei procedimenti esauriti con o senza sentenza (offerta di giustizia), con ciò evidenziandosi l’inadeguatezza dei servizi giudiziari offerti rispetto alla domanda e alla conseguente eccessiva durata degli stessi onde pervenire alla loro eliminazione. Tale sproporzione è però anche influenzata dalla domanda patologica di giustizia, vale a dire il ricorso al giudizio per finalità collaterali o diverse da quelle proprie. Ciò genera una spirale negativa: l’inefficienza del sistema stimola una domanda patologica che incide ulteriormente sull’inefficienza.

50 DATI STATISTICI TASSO DI DEFINIZIONE DEI PROCESSI PENALI
Italia: Minori 99% Seri 94% Francia: Minori 90% Seri 101% Spagna Minori 100% Seri 90% Regno Unito Minori 98% Germania Minori 101,87% Seri 101,18%

51 DATI STATISTICI DURATA DEI GIUDIZI E DEI RICORSI DI VOLONTARIA GIURISDIZIONE IN MATERIA CIVILE E COMMERCIALE (2008) – PRIMO GRADO Volontaria Contenzioso Italia Francia Spagna

52 DATI STATISTICI Numero di giudizi di primo grado (in materia civile e commerciale) itnrodotti e definiti nel 2008 per abitanti Introdotti Definiti Italia Francia Spagna Germania

53 DATI STATISTICI TASSI DI DEFINIZIONE DI GIUDIZI E RICORSI DI VOLONTARIA GIURISDIZIONE IN MATERIA CIVILE E COMMERCIALE Volontaria Contenzioso Italia 96,7 94,8 Francia 103,2 94,3 Spagna 101,7 81,7 Germania 97, ,3

54 DATI STATISTICI TASSI DI DEFINIZIONE DEI PROCESSI DI ESECUZIONE
Italia 106,4 Francia 98,0 Spagna 67,6 * N.B.: NELLE RISPOSTE AL CEPEJ E’ STATO INDICATO PER IL 2008 UN MASSICCIO SCIOPERO DEL PERSONALE AMMINISTRATIVO (UFFICIALI GIUDIZIARI)

55 DATI STATISTICI Secondo i dati CEPEJ la spesa allocata nel bilancio degli Stati per la giustizia è sostanzialmente stabile, anche se non omogenea. Nel 2008 essa ammontava a euro in Italia, contro gli euro della Francia, gli euro della Spagna, gli euro del Regno Unito. In Italia la proporzione del budget allocato per il funzionamento dei tribunali rispetto a quello generalmente destinato alla giustizia ammonta al 41,3% Tuttavia, nei cinque anni precedenti, l’Italia, insieme al Regno Unito, a Cipro e all’Estonia ha ridotto il budget destinato al funzionamento dei tribunali

56 DATI STATISTICI Percentuale delle risorse allocate per il funzionamento dei tribunali rispetto agli stanziamenti generali per la giustizia Italia 41,3% Francia Spagna Regno Unito 35,6% (46% in Irlanda del Nord; 8,5% in Scozia))

57 DATI STATISTICI Componenti del budget del sistema giudiziario
Country gross justice court training salaries computerisation expenses buildings new buildings and education Other Italy France Spain (I dati non comprendono gli stanziamenti delle regioni autonome) Germany UK

58 DATI STATISTICI Spesa annuale per la magistratura (giudicante
ed inquirente) per abitante Giallo chiaro= meno di 10 euro Giallo scuro= da 10 a 30 euro Arancione= da 30 a 50 euro Marrone chiaro= da 50 a 100 euro Marrone scuro= più di 100 euro

59 DATI STATISTICI NUMERO DI UFFICI GIUDIZIARI PER 100.000 ABITANTI
Viola chiarissimo meno di 1 Viola chiaro da 1 a 2 Viola scuro da 2 a 5 Viola scurissimo da 5 a 57,9 GERMANIA (2006) 0,9

60 DATI STATISTICI NUMERO DI GIUDICI PROFESSIONALI PER 100.000 ABITANTI
Giallo chiaro meno di 10 Giallo scuro da 10 a 15 Arancione da 15 a 20 Marrone chiaro da 20 a 30 GERMANIA (2006) 24 Marrone scuro più di 30

61 DATI STATISTICI NUMERO DI GIUDICI NON PROFESSIONALI PER ABITANTI Italia 8 (nel 2006: 12) Francia 45,1 (nel 2006: 5) Spagna 17 (nel 2006: 18) UK 8,7 sc.+ 13,6 NI + 54,2 En. (nel 2006: 15; 45; 54) Germania (2006) 4,9

62 DATI STATISTICI DOTAZIONI INFORMATICHE PER GIUDICE
Rosso da 11 a 14 punti Arancione da 15 a 16 punti Verde chiaro da 17 a 18 punti Verde scuro da 19 a 20 punti Germania (2006) Come Italia

63 DATI STATISTICI UNITA’ DI PERSONALE AMMINISTRATIVO PER GIUDICE
Rosa meno di 2 Rosa scuro da 2 a 3 Terra di siena da 3 a 5 Marrone scuro Più di 5 Germania 3

64 DATI STATISTICI UNITA’ DI PERSONALE AMMINISTRATIVO E TECNICO OPERANTE PRESSO GLI UFFICI GIUDIZIARI ITALIA: FRANCIA: OLANDA: UK: SPAGNA:

65 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI Quali sono le cause dell’inefficienza? Esistono vincoli costituzionali che impediscano il ricorso a iniziative di efficientamento? Sono possibili/necessari interventi di efficientamento al livello costituzionale? The Ministry of Justice of the state of Baden-Wurttemberg initated a survey in the different Länder on citizens’ service and customer orientation of the judiciary in One of the questions asked was about projects for the promotion of a modern judiciary that is citizen-friendly. The survey showed that across the Länder great importance was attributed to citizens’ service and customer orientation in the judicial system. The increased use of modern technology (such as the Internet) offers the judiciary the possibilitiy to reach a large number of citizens and provide those looking for justice the best possible service (register queries, download of information and application forms, information on addresses and how to get there etc).

66 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI COSTO DELLA GIUSTIZIA In questi grafici i dati
(CEPEJ) di ricorso al gratuito patrocinio (numero di cause per abitanti) SOLO FRANCIA SPAGNA E ISLANDA NON PREVEDONO COSTI AMMINISTRATIVI PER L’ACCESSO ALLA GIUSTIZIA Grafico 1 azzurro: numero totale di cause con gratuito patrocinio / 100k Ab. rosso: importo medio stanziato nel bilancio dello stato per gratuito patrocinio per causa Italia €787 Francia € 353 Spagna € 349 Olanda € 1.029 UK € 836

67 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI TRASPARENZA SULLA PREVEDIBILE DURATA
DEI GIUDIZIO Azzurro: sì, rosso no

68 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI LA TRASPARENZA SULLA PREVEDIBILE DURATA DEI GIUDIZI Secondo i dati raccolti dal CEPEJ, in 6 stati esiste un obbligo di informazione sulla prevedibile durata dei giudizi: Albania, Finlandia, Francia, Lettonia, Norvegia e Irlanda del Nord. In Georgia, esiste un limite di legge (due mesi, estensibile a cinque per i casi più complessi) per la definizione delle cause civili e amministrative. In alcuni stati l’informazione è comunque fornita (Regno Unito con eccezione dell’Irlanda del Nord) o esistono meccanismi legali di prevenzione dell’eccessiva durata dei procedimenti (Spagna)

69 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI CONDUZIONE DI RILEVAZIONI DEL LIVELLO DI SODDISFAZIONE E DI AFFIDAMENTO SUL SISTEMA GIUDIZIARIO FRA GLI OPERATORI E GLI UTENTI Rosso: tutte le categorie Azzrro: solo cittadini e altri utenti dei tribunali Verde: solo professionisti Arancione: cittadini e professionisti (inclusi giudici e personale amministrativo) Germania Viola: cittadini e professionisti (solo avvocati e pubblici ministeri)

70 QUESTIONI E STRUMENTI RICORSO A SISTEMI DI RISOLUZIONE ALTERNATIVA DELLE CONTROVERSIE (A.D.R.) Grigio: nessuna Verde scuro: mediazione Verde oliva: arbitrato Azzurro: mediazione e arbitrato Viola: mediazione arbitrato e altri strumenti Rosso: mediazione atbitrato e conciliazione Arancione mediazione arbitrato conciliazione e altri strumenti