Ch. 9 The Restoration Unit 4. The age of nations S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) The Restoration is a political programme conceived as a reaction against Napoleon's vision International relations in Europe are governed by two principles “concert” of European powers European powers must cultivate and preserve peace S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Two principles at the Congress The balance between the European powers is left untouched: there are no major variations in borders compared to the previous period European powers commit themselves to intervening militarily in order to defend each other and protect the principle of legitimacy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Holy Alliance Emperor of Austria King of Prussia Tsar of Russia It is an alliance against the common enemy of Christian powers: liberalism S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Europe in 1815 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Europe after the Congress of Vienna France's territorial gains preceding 1792 are recognized (Savoy and part of Flanders) Prussia obtains territories in Northern and Western Germany Austria transfers its Flemish possessions to the Netherlands, but obtains almost the entire Republic of Venice Russia obtains Finland from Sweden and receives some territories from the Ottoman Empire Great Britain gains Malta and the Ionian islands S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Italy after the Congress of Vienna Almost all the territories of the former Republic of Venice go to Austria The Ligurian Republic goes to the king of Sardinia, who obtains Piedmont as well Thanks to kinship, Austria controls the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio The House of Lorena comes back to power in Tuscany, the Bourbons in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Papal States regain their territories S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Monarchies and the middle class The middle class bought “national properties”, it keeps them also with the new governments Parliamentary monarchies (France, Netherlands) Absolute monarchies (Spain, Sardinia, Two Sicilies) S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The economy of the US The United States are fast in joining the new trends promoted by the industrial revolution However, slavery remains in place, even after the ban on slave trade Slaves work for free in the plantations of the South They keep African traditions alive S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The legacy of the French Revolution Even after the Restoration, some innovations brought about by the Revolution remain in place: newspapers are more expensive and undergo censorship, but remain influential The system of public education (school and university) is preserved and improved S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The secret societies Liberals' activities against governments must be organized in a confidential way Secret lodges are created (e.g. Freemasonry) Their members often come from army and universities They seek to restore fundamental freedoms or to free oppressed communities S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Masonic lodges in Italy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Carbonari and Silvio Pellico A secret society called “the Carbonari” is formed in Italy The journalist Silvio Pellico becomes a member of the society, for this reason he is brought to prison Held in the Austrian fortress of Spielberg he writes the book My prisons (1832) The figure of the full-time revolutionary appears S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The uprising of Cadiz A group of soldiers rebels in Cadiz in 1820, calling for a Constitution The king Ferdinand VII is forced to consent to it 1823: Louis XVIII of France intervenes to restore Ferdinand VII's absolute monarchy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Uprisings in Italy (1820-1821) Naples and Sicily Rebels in Naples and Sicily ask Ferdinand I for a Constitution. An Austrian military intervention restores the absolute monarchy Piedmont The Carbonari rebel against the absolutist rule of Victor Emmanuel I, who abdicates. Charles Albert promulgates a Constitution, but an Austrian intervention restores despotism Uprisings fail because they are not supported by the masses Rebels are sent to prison or exile S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Revolutions in Latin America The Holy Alliance's mutual defence clause does not apply to Latin America The Spanish colonies rise up against the government in 1808 Intendants (Spanish officials) They are responsible to Madrid; they often thwart colonial trade Creoles (American-born white people) They are in control of the colonial economy, they would like to trade freely S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The libertadores Símon Bolívar creates the Great Colombia in 1819 (it will split in 1831) José de San Martín leads military campaigns bringing about the independence of Argentina, Peru and Chile Also Mexico and Brazil become independent in 1821-1822 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Latin America's independences S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Only partial revolutions Latin American revolutions achieve independence, but they do not bring about: equal rights for Indios and Creoles abolishment of slavery Politics is largely a struggle between military lords, large landowners continue to control the economy S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The crisis of the Ottoman Empire Serbia and Egypt gain de facto independence Algeria is conquered by France Greece rises up against the sultan in 1821. It achieves independence, also thanks to the intervention of European volunteers and the support of Russia, Britain and France S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The Ottoman Empire pulls back S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

European revolutions of 1830-1831 A revolution overthrows Charles X of France in July 1830. Louis Philippe of Orléans becomes king and promulgates a Constitution Belgian patriots rise up against the king of the Netherlands, Belgium becomes independent An uprising against the Tsar occurs in the Warsaw region in autumn 1830, it is suppressed Uprisings in the duchies of Parma and Modena and in the Papal States are suppressed by Austrian interventions S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Uprisings in Europe 1820-1831 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016