Democrazie. La crisi della democrazia rappresentativa e l’emergere della democrazia partecipativa by Donatella della Porta European University Institute

DelegataPartecipativa maggioritariaDemocrazia liberale Democrazia partecipativa consensualeDemocrazia liberale deliberativa Democrazia partecipativa e deliberativa Crisi di cosa? 4 modelli di democrazia

Fiducia di chi: Mario Monti, agosto 2012 “questo tipo di affermazioni fanno crescere lo spread””. Mario Monti,, Novembre 2012 “Io rispondo ai mercati

Si fidano molto o abbastanza Proteste su lavoro Proteste pace Popolazi one italiana (demos) Anti G8 protesta in 2001 Parlamento partiti sindacato Judiziario Fiducia nelle istituzioni: 2011

Social group % Workers47.3 Students21.8 Citizen/s (in general)13.6 Women10.9 Precarious workers10.0 Immigrants or ethnic minorities10.0 Others20.0 Total (N)147 Type of social group involved in protest events in Italy in 2011

democrazia liberale: corruzione di sistema the Indignados “We know very well that whoever has or will in the future be in government will never be on the people’s side, nobody has ever listened to our needs, and in this system nobody ever will.” Corruption pollutes the processes of politics, threatens the standing and the credibility of institutions, pollutes and seriously distorts the economy, sucks resources destined for the good of the community, corrodes civic responsibility and democratic culture itself” (Libera)”

Per i diritti e la partecipazione There are fundamental rights that should be protected in these societies: the right to housing, work, culture, health, education, political participation, free personal development and consumers’ rights to access to those goods necessary for a healthy and happy life (Real democracy now) “And only participation can restore dignity and value to a new politics, capable of carrying the country out of the disaster. All this is possible” (Forum dell’acqua )

D’accordo molto o abbastanza Manifes tazioni lavoro Manifest azione pace La mia partecipazione può avere un impatto sulle scelte politiche in questo paese Gruppi organizzati di cittadini possono avere un considerevole impatto sulle scelte polituche in questo paese Se i cittadini di diversi paesi agiscono collettivamente la loro azione può essere molto efficace

Molto d’accordo O d’accordo Manifest azioni su lavoro Manifestazioni su pace Locale Nazioanle EU Globale Che livello di governo andrebbe rafforzato per raggiungere gli obiettivi della protesta

“perchè la piaza ci appartiene ed è un luogo di una nuova democrazia, comunitaria e partecipativa”: Participation: inclusion, equality, horizontality… Deliberation: search for the public good, dialogue, preference transformation, diversity… In free spaces

Contingent consent “contingent consent entails unwillingness to offer rulers, however well elected, blank checks. It implies the threat that if they do not perform in accordance with citizens’ expressed collective will, citizens will not only turn them out but also withdraw compliance from such risky government- run activities as military service, jury duty, and tax collection” (Tilly 2007, 94).

Rosanvallon’s counter-democracy: Organizing distrust If mistrust is the disease, it might be part of the cure as well as “a complex assortment of practical measures, checks and balances, and informal as well as institutional social counter-powers has evolved in order to compensate for the erosion of confidence, and to do so by organizing distrust” (Rosanvallon, p. 4).

Conclusion1: a search for politics and social justice The explosion of social inequalities even in advanced democracy is not only a cause of economic crisis, given reduced consumption and saving, but also a challenge for the image of political equality—the 1% against the 99% a request of politics as capable to reduce economic inequalities and their inefficiencies together with un-fairness.

Conclusion/2: inequality, trust and democracy As Tilly notes (2007, 110), “social inequality impedes democratization and undermines democracy under two conditions: first, the crystallization of continuous differences … into everyday categorical differences by race, gender, class, ethnicity, religion and similar broad groupings, second, the direct translation of those categorical difference into public policies”.