Da dove e quando a qui e subito! € € € € Da dove e quando a qui e subito! € € H2IT Marieke Reijalt Seminar TF arly Markets Milano 7 aprile 2008 € € € €

Contenuti 1. H2IT 2. Definizione 3. Dove le prime infrastrutture in Europa; le prospettive per Italia; 4. Quando - prospettive sulle tecnologie per produrre H2 5. Qui - da dove cominciare catene industriali di valore prezzi 6. Subito! - JTI; - Programmi nazionali - H2IT Piano di azione 2008

H2IT - L’associazione Italiana Idrogeno e Celle a Combustibile Nasce come Associazione nel 2004 e fa parte della FAST, Federazione Associazioni Scientifiche e Tecniche a Milano. Si propone di: essere un portavoce per gli attori che operano nel settore; promuovere le attività sull’idrogeno a livello nazionale; facilitare lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture per l’idrogeno stabilire forte collegamenti alle iniziative internazionali

H2IT - L’associazione Italiana Idrogeno e Celle a Combustibile Obiettivi principali per 2008: Facilitare la rinascita della piattaforma nazionale; Sostegno alla JTI; facilitare partecipazione italiana; Facilitare entrata italiana nel Hydrogen Bus Alliance; Supporto allo sviluppo locale; miscela, centri logistici; Partner in progetti europei importanti come coordinatore dei WP Dissemination: 6Pq: Hyapproval, H2Training, HYPER; H2IT Roadshow 2008 visita il sito: www.h2it.org/roadshow; Preparazione di un Roadmap verso il WorldExpo 2015.

Definizione Early Markets : IG Business Development and Early Markets (HFP) - On site hydrogen supply systems for small service vehicles; - FC systems and hydrogen storage components for back up power of off grid antenna installations; - Fuel cell systems for cogeneration of condominiums, hotels and hospitals; - Small service vehicles as forklift trucks, airport trolleys, transport on big fairgrounds;

Dove? Hydrogen deployment in 3 phases (Hyways) Vehicles EU-wide Regional spread of H2 use Phase I (lighthouse projects, pre-commercial phase) 10,000 Some large-scale demonstration “first user centres” in Europe (LHPs) Phase II (early commercialisation) 10,000-500,000 app. 2-5 “early user centres” per country** (10-25% of population totally, emerging simultaneously). Potentially furthermore a network of transit roads for commuters out of the early user centers and between them (considered by various deployment scenarios, representing focus on private cars or captive fleets) Phase III (full commercialisation) >500,000 Step 1: 500,000 Step 2: 4 mill. Step 3: 16 mill. Extension of existing user centres and development of new hydrogen regions; dense network installed by 2030; vehicles EU-wide: one distributed and one concentrated users deployment scenario in all steps

Dove? Hydrogen deployment map Italy Distributed users Concentrated users

Dove? Hydrogen intensity map – Phase II (10,000 cars EU-wide)[GWh/(a km2)]?“ High penetration - Distributed users - Early networkd Low penetration - Concentrated users – Late network 1,000 vehicles 1,000 vehicles 21% of population 21% of population 188 fuelling stations 94 fuelling stations

Dove? Hydrogen intensity map - Phase III-3 (16 mill cars EU-wide) [GWh/(a km2)]? High penetration - Distributed users - Early network Low penetration - Concentrated users – Late network 2.7 mill vehicles (8%) 2.7 mill vehicles (8%) 100% of population 85% of population 5900 fuelling stations 4400 fuelling stations

Quando? Produzione di H2 1010 Demo Early commercial Commercial Application Comments CCS + (gasification/ reforming) 2011 +/-2015 +/- 2020 Shell Pernis (NL), RCI R’dam (NL), RWE Cologne (G) Capture cost with gasification is much lower, than for reforming Coal gasification with biomass cofeeding 2007 Nuon, Buggenum plant (NL) Buggenum coal gasification power plant can use up to 3 0% of biomass as feedstock Bio-gasification +/- 2008 +/- 2014 +/- 2018 Freiburg (G), Choren, Gussing (A) Beta plant being constructed; syngas supplied to Fisher-Trops reactor, 15 KT/yr Bio-fuel=4 KT/yr H2) Bio-gas reforming (small scale) 2006 +/-2013 +/-2018 Hynor (Norway) Biomethane as feedstock ( land fills, Agriculture) Gas impurity bad for catalyst, Discontinuous process issue Electrolysis large scale, using renewable electricity 2008 Sote Vento (Es), Gaz Naturel (120 m3, 250 kg/day) Large scale electrolysis is used for production of Chlorine, only appropriate when renewable electricity is abundant 2003 Electrolysis small scale, renewable electricity +/- 2010 +/- 2016 Statoilhydro Hamburg, Reykjavik Reliability of the electrolyser (lye) 1010

Quando? Hydrogen delivery mechanisms both to the fuelling station and the vehicle Demo Early commercial Commercial Application Comments Fuelling Station High Pressure Hydrogen Supply 2003 +/-2010 2015 many Robustness of components Safety Underground systems Fuelling Station Liquid Hydrogen Supply 2003 +/- 2012 +/- 2020 Berlin Robustness of components Safety Underground systems High Pressure Hydrogen (700bar+) 2005 +/-2013 +/- 2015 Marl, Berlin (’09) Composite storage, higher pressures, more robust components and processes Hydrides 2005 +/-2013 +/-2020 HyChain some off road niche vehicles Continued development of hydride mix Pipeline 2020 +/-2025 +/- 2025 - Urban pipelines required Cost reduction for installation and maintenance of safety vs NG Liquid Hydrogen 2025 2030 - New LHY cycles, larger production trains, production integration with other processes, storage / component enhancements

Qui!

Qui!

Qui! 1. Stazioni di servizi esistenti. 2. Centri logistici: 1. elevatori, 2. trasferimenti ai veicoli servizi piccoli a bassi emissioni, taxi e bus; 3. sistemi di back up power. 3. Parchi eolici: California: 80.000 MW in attesa, mancanza capacità sufficiente della rete; Giappone: NEDO, National Energy Development Agency stoccaggio prerequisito per lo sviluppo del eolico in Giappone; Ungeria: problemi tecnici con connessioni;

Qui!: Rete Automotive fonte: Bocconi 2006

Subito! prospettive FCV in 2008 Honda, Takeo Fukui, Sole 24ore, 28-02-08: “Nell’estate 2008 in Usa e in autunno in Giappone comincia la commercializzare della FCX Clarity.” Mercedes, Dieter Zetsche, Motorshow Ginevra 07-03-08: In 2010 inizia modesta della produzione di massa della B-Class: verso 2014-15, arrivano i modelli “distinctive, economically competitive fuel-cell, 100,000 a year.” Fiat: Frankfurt Motorshow Fiat Aria primo modello a combustione interna alimentato dalla miscela H2 (30%V)/CNG: decine di Aria in Lombardia e Piemonte

Subito!: sviluppare catene industriali di valore

Subito!: i prezzi AGIP Francoforte: idrogeno a €8 al kg Valori H2: Con 1,5 kg H2 si fa 100km ; 0.089 kg/ Nm3 3 kWh/Nm3 H2

Hydrogen production mix and specific hydrogen costs at the pump (Hyways) 13.34 ct/kWh 12.4 ct/kWh 10.0 ct/kWh Coal or biomass or mix of coal & biomas gasification 24.9 ct/kWh 20.5 ct/kWh 19.6 ct/kWh

Subito!: i prezzi, powertrain costs (Hyways) Spec. additional costs / savings* of a FCV compared to conventional vehicle Drivers: Additional cost Cost Savings Internalisation of CO2 0 €/t CO2 70 €/t CO2 Hydrogen Wind NG fuel 25 $/bbl 100 $/bbl Crude oil Hydrogen drive system Moderate PR Optimistic PR* c/km 6 3 3 6 9 Max cost differences: Max additional cost Max savings * (w/o tax)

Subito!: Iniziativa tecnologica congiunta JTI JOINT TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE proposal without further delay: the most effective instruments for concentrating industry effort & funding over the whole innovation chain; LIGHTHOUSE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS including public procurement enhance current demonstration projects towards commercialization; PUBLIC PROCUREMENT & BUYERS’ POOLS – example: MOU Joint Public Procurement of H2 buses by European Cities and Regions (5 October 06); STRATEGIC PROCUREMENT APPROACH for start-ups (pre- commercialization phase): include H2&FC in the current EC public procurement legislation.

Subito! Iniziativa tecnologica congiunta JTI (2) 5. REMOVE REGULATORARY BARRIERS, harmonize CODES & STANDARDS internationally – example: EC Regulation on H2 vehicles; 6. FINANCING INSTRUMENTS: specific approaches for SMEs, but also a need for new financing approaches, based on equity investments to address the specific needs of independent private developers

Subito! Implementation Plan IDA 4 Early Markets

Subito! Iniziativa tecnologica congiunta JTI - Budget

Subito!: Finanziamenti nazionali Industria 2015: per efficienza energetica 200 mln per 11 area di cui area a4 ) riferisce a - celle a combustibile di 3 e 30 kW; - accumulo d’idrogeno; - termine dal 30 aprile a 30 giugno 2008; - max. €15 mln per l’intero progetto, max €5 mln/partner 2. Finanziaria 2008: € 10 mln per la piattaforma nazionale per le tecnologie d’idrogeno e le tecnologie collegate (incl. la miscela).

Subito! Azioni H2IT Facilitare informazioni diretti sull’avanzamento JTI; Creazione di un attività di verifica delle possibilità per il WorldExpo 2015 a Milano; - Facilitare alleanze con iniziative internazionali : Hydrogen Bus Alliance; Contact: Marieke Reijalt www.h2it.org marieke@h2it.org Tel direct +39 340 7914751