Statistica, conoscenza e politica: verso un nuovo paradigma Enrico Giovannini

Il valore aggiunto delle statistiche Una formula : VAS = {N * [(QSA * MF) * RS * TS * NL]} - CP VAS = valore aggiunto della statistica ufficiale N = ampiezza del pubblico QSA = informazione statistica ufficiale prodotta MF = ruolo dei media RS = rilevanza dell’informazione statistica ufficiale TS = fiducia nella statistica ufficiale NL = “numeracy” degli utilizzatori CP = costi intermedi 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Alcuni aforismi Informazione non è conoscenza (A. Einstein) Un investimento in conoscenza frutta il migliore interesse (B. Franklin) Condividi la tua conoscenza. È un modo per raggiungere l’immortalità (Dalai Lama) Guardati dalla falsa conoscenza: è più pericolosa dell’ignoranza (B. Shaw) L’illuminazione è l’uscita dell’uomo dalla sua immaturità. L’immaturità è l’incapacità di utilizzare la propria capacità di comprendere senza l’aiuto di qualcun altro (I. Kant) 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia Le elezioni sono un “mercato” nel quale i politici offrono piattaforme politiche domandate dagli elettori, i quali devono decidere se votare e per chi votare. Per fare cio’ l’elettore stima un “differenziale” tra i partiti, uguale all’utilita’ (U) derivante dalla vittoria dell’uno o dell’altro, e il costo (C) di andare a votare, a sua volta dipendente dall’influenza che il voto puo’ avere sul risultato finale. Se U > C l’elettore vota 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia C dipende anche dal costo di acquisire l’informazione sulle piattaforme, i candidati, ecc. Questa e’ un’informazione molto costosa ed il suo valore va scontato per l’impatto limitato che il voto singolo ha sull’esito finale. Il risultato e’ che l’elettore si comporta come un “rational ignorant”. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia Wittman (1973) dimostra che, se l’elettore non puo’ monitorare il comportamento dell’eletto, allora la coerenza tra scelte degli eletti e i desideri degli elettori e’ una funzione negativa della conoscenza dell’elettore. Alesina (1988) nota che la mancanza di indicatori per monitorare la corenza tra promesse e realizzazioni rende l’eletto libero di fare cio’ che vuole. L’asimmetria informativa consente l’uso della teoria dei giochi (principal/agent) e rende le elezioni un tipo di contratto incompleto. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia Il sistema “bastone/carota” delle elezioni non funziona se non ci sono indicatori di risultato e se essi non sono portati a conoscenza dell’elettore. In assenza di essi, gli elettori diventano come gli azionisti delle SpA, i quali diventano schiavi dei manager, in possesso di informazioni e capacita’ precluse agli altri. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia: Swank and Wisser (2003) Incentivi e disincentivi giocano un ruolo fondamentale per determinare il comportamento dei politici al potere, i quali spesso devono affrontare problemi complessi per affrontare i quali essi dispongono di strumenti limitati. Per modellare questa situazione si considera il caso di un elettore il quale deriva la sua utilita’ dall’implementazione di certi progetti. . 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia: Swank and Wisser (2003) Pay-off del politico: E [∑ δ t (λ - DtC - BtW) + f Xt(p+ μt)]. δ = fattore di sconto; Xt = 1 se un nuovo progetto e’ realizzato Xt = 0 se si mantiene lo status quo p = beneficio atteso del progetto μt = fattore stocastico C = costo dello studio dell’intervento W = costo di esaminare i risultati dello studio 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia: Swank and Wisser (2003) L’informazione asimmetrica fa si’ che il politico possa osservare μt, pagando il costo W, mentre l’elettore osserva (p + μt) con probabilita’ α, mentre con probabilita’ (1- α) egli ignorera’ i risultati. Alle elezioni l’elettore sa se un progetto e’ stato realizzato, ma non osserva se il progetto e’ stato analizzato. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Modelli su informazione e democrazia: conclusioni Una piu’ alta probabilita’ di osservare i risultati delle politiche minimizza la “welfare loss” necessaria per dare i giusti incentivi al politico per esaminare i progetti Le elezioni non sono il meccanismo efficace per forzare i politici a seguire le indicazioni dei cittadini L’osservazione di indicatori di risultato aiuta la societa’ a raggiungere i suoi obiettivi con minori risorse. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Alcune evidenze Il 69% degli europei pensa sia necessario conoscere i dati economici “chiave” Il 53% degli europei non e’ neanche capace di tentare di indicare il tasso di crescita del PIL. L’8% conosce il dato corretto Il 45% degli europei non si fida della statistica ufficiale Negli USA i 5 principali canali TV riportano i dati sul PIL nel 46% dei casi, i 27 principali giornali nel 39% dei casi Il 40% degli americani non ha mai sentito parlare dei dati ufficiali del PIL o della fonte dei dati 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Statistica, conoscenza a politica: una catena interrotta 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Un possibile “puzzle” Indagine Eurobarometer per l’OCSE Crescita PIL 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Un possibile “puzzle” Indagine Eurobarometer per l’OCSE E’ necessario conoscere questi dati? 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Come si propaga l’informazione Approccio “epidemiologico” All’inizio solo alcune persone raccolgono l’informazione L’informazione è trasmessa come un virus Ma ad ogni passaggio l’informazione cambia leggermente Ipotesi della “disattenzione razionale” Importanza dell’informazione “locale” e “personalizzata” 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

La rivoluzione in corso: il web 2.0 Il Contenuto Creato dall’Utente (CCU) e’ un fenomeno con implicazioni sociali rilevanti. Esso cambia il modo in cui gli utilizzatori producono, distribuiscono, accedono e riusano l’informazione. Come una piattaforma aperta, il CCU aumenta il libero flusso di informazione e la liberta’ di espressione, arricchendo il dibattito politico e sociale ed ampliando la diversita’ di opinioni. Il web e’ diventato uno strumento per riunire i piccoli contributi di milioni di persone e migliorarli. Questo fenomeno viene normalmente chiamato web 2.0 o web participativo. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Il web 2.0 e la statistica Alcune evidenze: Il 95% degli utenti di Google non va oltre la prima pagina dei risultati della ricerca; Una volta raggiunto un sito, il 95% lo abbandona se in tre click non ha trovato l’informazione che cercava; Il modo con cui i metadati usati dai motori di ricerca sono strutturati non ha nulla a che fare con la qualita’ intrinseca del sito; Nuovi approcci alla “ricerca” si basano sulle opinioni delle persone. Il web 2.0 tende a trasformare il “consumer” di una particolare informazione/servizio in un “prosumer” 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Opportunita’ e rischi Statistiche affidabili non possono essere certo generate usando la cosiddetta “intelligenza collettiva”, ma questo approccio puo’ avere un impatto enorme sul modo in cui le statistiche sono percepite e usate. Nuove parole chiave: Legittimita’, Fiducia, Autorevolezza, Credibilita’ E’ una grande sfida, ma anche una grande opportunita‘per sviluppare una nuova strategia di comunicazione e convincere gli utenti della qualita‘ dei dati prodotti Bisogna creare “il luogo del quarto principio” 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Creare il “luogo del quarto principio” Se il web 2.0 e’ un luogo per la discussione, le autorita’ statistiche dovrebbero creare siti di discussione sulla qualita’ dei dati usati per formare l’opinione pubblica, compresi ovviamente i dati ufficiali. C’e’ il rischio di aprire il “Vaso di Pandora”? www.wikiprogress.org 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Un “temporale” o un “cambio di paradigma”? Alcuni sostengono che questi sono solo segnali di una moda effimera, e non un cambio di paradigma: quindi non c’e’ bisogno di cambiare radicalmente il modo di diffondere e comunicare le statistiche. Secondo altri, e’ un vero e proprio cambio di paradigma e cambiamenti radicali sono necessari per rimanere sul mercato dell’informazione. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Un “must” per il futuro della statistica Questa rivoluzione deriva dai nuovi strumenti tecnologici, piu’ che da un cambiamento delle tecniche statistiche: grazie alle nuove tecnologie i dati stanno diventando una “commodity” La comunicazione non e’ un’appendice del “core business” basato sulla produzione dei dati, ma una funzione chiave che determina il successo o il fallimento del produttore di dati. Essere aperti al dialogo con gli utilizzatori usando il web 2.0 non e’ una scelta, e’ un obbligo, specialmente per assicurarsi per le nuove generazioni guardino alle statistiche ufficiali come una fonte autorevole. 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Cosa fare per realizzare il cambiamento Mission e vision Diffusione e comunicazione Dialogo con gli stakeholders Integrazione, standardizzazione e qualità Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Informazione a livello “locale” 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Missione dell’Istat La missione dell’Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Istat) è quella di servire la collettività attraverso la produzione e la comunicazione di informazioni statistiche e analisi di elevata qualità, realizzate in piena autonomia e sulla base di rigorosi principi etico-professionali e i più avanzati standard scientifici, allo scopo di sviluppare un’approfondita conoscenza della realtà ambientale, economica e sociale dell’Italia ai diversi livelli territoriali e favorire i processi decisionali di tutti i soggetti della società (cittadini, amministratori, ecc.).

Visione dell’Istat L’Istat intende essere un’amministrazione innovativa, che si impegna al servizio della collettività, valorizzando la professionalità e l’integrità del proprio personale, creando appropriate condizioni di lavoro e minimizzando il proprio impatto sull’ambiente. L’Istat rispetta la privacy dei rispondenti, protegge la confidenzialità dei dati ricevuti e svolge le proprie attività in modo trasparente e indipendente. L’Istat è orientato alla ricerca della massima efficacia ed efficienza nell’utilizzo delle risorse disponibili e promuove la collaborazione con gli altri enti del Sistema Statistico Nazionale e della pubblica amministrazione, con il mondo della ricerca e con la società civile, anche allo scopo di accrescere la cultura statistica. L’Istat fa parte del Sistema Statistico Europeo e collabora con gli altri soggetti del sistema statistico internazionale.

Obiettivi strategici di lungo periodo Valutare le esigenze informative attraverso un dialogo continuo con gli utenti. 2. Produrre informazione statistica rilevante per gli utenti nazionali e internazionali secondo i più elevati standard qualitativi e rigorosi principi etico-professionali. 3. Condurre ricerche metodologiche e applicate allo scopo di migliorare i processi di produzione dell’informazione statistica e contribuire alla conoscenza della realtà ambientale, economica e sociale dell’Italia. 4. Sviluppare il Sistema Statistico Nazionale per accrescere l’offerta e la qualità dell’informazione statistica fornita alla collettività. 5. Favorire lo sviluppo coordinato dei sistemi informativi della pubblica amministrazione e la loro utilizzazione per fini statistici, così da accrescere l’informazione disponibile, massimizzando l’integrazione delle fonti e minimizzando il carico statistico sui rispondenti.   .

Obiettivi strategici di lungo periodo 6. Contribuire allo sviluppo del Sistema Statistico Europeo e favorire la cooperazione internazionale in campo statistico. 7. Diffondere e comunicare in modo efficace l’informazione statistica e le analisi realizzate per favorire la conoscenza della realtà economica, sociale ed ambientale dell’Italia e migliorare i processi decisionali dei soggetti privati e delle istituzioni pubbliche. 8. Promuovere la formazione in campo statistico e la cultura statistica per migliorare la comprensione, a livello istituzionale e dei singoli cittadini, dell’informazione prodotta sulla realtà ambientale, economica e sociale dell’Italia e per favorire un suo corretto utilizzo. 9. Sostenere la produzione statistica attraverso processi amministrativi e gestionali di elevata qualità. 10. Sviluppare il capitale umano e migliorare le condizioni di lavoro del personale.

Diffusione e comunicazione: il “dilemma di Diamanti” Sito web bilingue (già operativo) Sito 2.0 profondamente rinnovato (dicembre) Una più ricca e articolata offerta ai media Maggiore presenza sui mezzi d’informazione Newsletter Istat Uso di social networks Grafica dinamica e videoclips 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Standardizzazione e metadati Integrazione Qualità Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Standardizzazione e metadati 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Standardizzazione e metadati Integrazione Qualità Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Standardizzazione e metadati 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Dialogo con gli stakeholders Creazione del Consiglio nazionale degli utenti dell’informazione statistica Rapporto con le società scientifiche Rapporto con associazioni di categoria 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Integrazione, standardizzazione e qualità Servizi avanzati per il Sistan (modulistica, formati, webservices, etc.) Codice italiano della statistica ufficiale Quality reviews Da I.Stat a I.Stat SDMX Metadati 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Scuola Superiore di Statistica e Analisi Sociali ed Economiche Master europeo in statistica ufficiale L’Istat per i 150 dell’Italia Progetto scuola Giornata mondiale della statistica 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Formazione e iniziative per la “numeracy” Scuola Superiore di Statistica e Analisi Sociali ed Economiche Master europeo in statistica ufficiale L’Istat per i 150 dell’Italia Progetto scuola Giornata mondiale della statistica 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Informazione a livello “locale” Presentare i dati per renderli utili anche agli individui (“disattenzione razionale”) Stabilire alleanze con intermediari Attenzione ai piccoli territori Usare linguaggi adeguati ai temi rilevanti per le persone 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Conclusioni Una questione chiave per il funzionamento delle società democratiche nell’era dell’informazione Una sfida vitale per la statistica in una fase di storico cambiamento del funzionamento della società Allungamento della “funzione di produzione” Opportunità per nuove alleanze Dalla statistica fatta di cifre ad una statistica fatta di contenuti Dalla “statistique” alla “sociestique” 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.

Conclusioni La filosofia della statistica è la cognizione ragionata delle norme generali per ricercare, delle fonti a cui attingere, de’ sintomi per riconoscere, de’ principi per giudicare, degli usi a cui servono gli elementi relativi allo stato delle nazioni. Munito di queste cognizioni, il filosofo descrive un paese con quell’esattezza che si usa da un pittore nel fare il ritratto d’una persona; lo giudica con quell’imparzialità che si pratica dai tribunali verso gli accusati; ricerca le cause delle malattie e i modi di guarirle. Melchiorre Gioia, 1839 29/03/2017 Statistics represent an essential input into the analytical work of the Organisation. Data are collected, mainly from Member governments, and are converted, as much as possible, onto an internationally comparable basis. Statistics are then made available for internal use and most of them are then published in both printed and electronic form for use by the general public. In collaboration with statisticians from member countries and other international organisations, the OECD develops data systems to respond to policy concerns in areas such as national accounts, environment, and service industries.