Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Economia internazionale e dello sviluppo: a.a. 2014-15, modulo B Lezione 1: introduzione.

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2 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Economia internazionale e dello sviluppo: a.a. 2014-15, modulo B Lezione 1: introduzione Stefano Usai email: stefanousai@unica.it tel.:070-6753766

3 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Aspetti organizzativi  Lunedì-Martedì-Mercoledì, h 12-14.  Lezioni in pdf on line appena possibile  Orario ricevimento: il giovedi dalle 12 alle 13.  Appuntamenti fuori orario concordati per email Il corso è diviso in due moduli Il corso completo è di 12 crediti, 6 per modulo 2

4 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Modulo A e modulo B Modulo A: Economia internazionale Fornire le conoscenze necessarie a comprendere meglio ed analizzare criticamente i meccanismi economici alla base del processo di integrazione economica e di globalizzazione in atto con alcuni approfondimenti tematici e geografici. Modulo B: Economia dello sviluppo Il problema del divario economico tra paesi e regioni è centrale nel dibattito economico e politico. Il corso di economia dello sviluppo si propone di fornire gli strumenti essenziali di analisi teorica e applicata per sviluppare una visione critica rigorosa di questo fenomeno approfondimenti EU topics 3

5 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 4 Testo consigliato CRESCITA ECONOMICA PROBLEMI, DATI E METODI DI ANALISI Weil David N. Hoepli Editore, 2007

6 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Uno sguardo d’insieme: I fatti da spiegare - Gli strumenti con cui impostare l’analisi. L’accumulazione dei fattori di produzione: Il capitale fisico - Popolazione e crescita economica - Tendenze future nello sviluppo demografico - Il capitale umano. Produttività: Misurare la produttività - Il ruolo della tecnologia nella crescita economica - La frontiera della tecnologia - Efficienza - La crescita economica in una economia aperta. Fondamenti: Lo stato - La disuguaglianza del reddito - Il contesto culturale - Geografia, clima e risorse naturali - Risorse e ambiente a livello globale. Conclusioni: Cosa abbiamo appreso e cosa resta ancora da capire. Indice

7 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Studiare Capitoli 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15 Millennium Goals Report 2013 Leggere Capitoli 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17 Programma per l’esame

8 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Testi in inglese 7

9 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Prova di Esame modulo A: L’esame si compone di due parti 1. prova scritta con due domande a cui rispondere in forma di mini-tema con il dovuto dettaglio analitico e grafico, e una domanda che richiede l’interpretazione di una tabella o un grafico (4 crediti) 2. Report-paese (2 crediti) 8

10 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Prova di Esame modulo B L’esame si compone di due parti 1. prova scritta con due domande (su tre) a cui rispondere in forma di mini-tema con il dovuto dettaglio analitico e grafico (4 crediti) 2. Presentazione in classe su un tema di approfondimento per gruppi di quattro/cinque studenti (2 crediti) 9 Impegno/patto: La vostra frequenza

11 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 10

12 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 11

13 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 12

14 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 13 Temi gruppodatanote

15 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Temi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

16 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Calendario lezioni Lezione frontali 26 novembre non c’è lezione…riprendiamo lunedì 1 dicembre Lezioni presentazioni studenti Proposta: 22-23 dicembre 2014; 7 gennaio; 12-13-14 gennaio 15

17 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Calendario esami Il corso è di 12 crediti diviso in due moduli, così anche l’esame Le prossime date di esami sono il 19 gennaio e il 10 febbraio…. Ma si tratta di nuovo di un errore Proposta: 30 gennaio e 20 febbraio 16

18 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Economia internazionale e dello sviluppo – modulo B Economia della crescita e dello sviluppo Stefano Usai

19 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley THE FACTS TO BE EXPLAINED Chapter 1

20 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley incipit The consequences for human welfare involved in the questions about the income gap among countries are simply staggering; once one starts to think about them, it is hard to think about anything else Robert Lucas, nobel prize

21 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley http://www.miniature-earth.com/

22 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 21 Africa at night

23 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 22 Asia at night

24 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 23 Europe at night

25 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 24 North America at night

26 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley World at night

27 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 26 Some updated indicators

28 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 27 Development gap among Italian regions Development gap among provinces

29 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 28 Development gap among local labour systems

30 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 29

31 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 30

32 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 31 Sardegna=80,1 Italia=104,8 Pre-financial crisis EU regions

33 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley Gapminder.org 32

34 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-33 Table 1.1 Top Eleven Countries in Year 2009 According to Three Different Measures

35 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-34 Figure 1.1 The Parade of World Income Source: Heston, Summers, and Aten (2011).

36 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-35 Figure 1.2 GDP per Capita in the United States, 1870–2009

37 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-36 Figure 1.3 The Effect of Using a Ratio Scale The formula for a trend: Yt+1 = Yt(1+g) Yt+2 = Yt+1(1+g)=Yt(1+g)(1+g) =Yt(1+g) 2 Yt+n = Yt(1+g) n Let’s extract the logarithm on both sides: Log(Yt+n) = log(Yt(1+g) n ) Log(Yt+n) = log(Yt) + nlog(1+g)

38 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-37 Figure 1.4 GDP per Capita in the United States, 1870–2009 (Ratio Scale)

39 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-38 Figure 1.5 GDP per Capita in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, 1870–2009... Sources: Maddison (1995), Heston, Summers, And Aten (2011). growth vs business cycle

40 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-39 Figure 1.6 The Distribution of Growth Rates, 1975–2009 Source: Heston, Summers, and Aten (2011).

41 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-40 Figure 1.7 GDP per Capita By Country Group, 1820–2008 Sources: Maddison (2008), Heston, Summers, and Aten (2011).

42 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-41 41 Re-emerging economies

43 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-42 Figure 1.8 World Inequality and Its Components, 1820–1992 Source: Bourguignon and Morrison (2002).

44 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-43 Measuring and Comparing GDP Using Purchasing Power Parity Table 1.2 Production and Prices in Richland and Poorland

45 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-44 Table 1.3 The Effect of Using PPP on Comparisons of GDP

46 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-45 Millennium Summit In September 2000, building upon a decade of major United Nations conferences and summits, world leaders came together at United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time- bound targets - with a deadline of 2015 - that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals.United Nations Millennium Declaration

47 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-46

48 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-47 www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

49 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-48 www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

50 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-49 A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS Chapter 2

51 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-50 The Economics of Sylvania and Freedonia: A parable Why is Silvania so much poorer then its neighbour, Freedonia? You are hired as a consultant by the king of Silvania: you start by computing GDP Same population…one eight of the GDP – Capital investment…saving…(32 times higher in Freedonia than in Silvania): investment rate 4 times higher… but this would produce a difference in GDP per capita of a multiple of only 2

52 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-51 Other potential factors – Productivity Technology: the available knowledge on how to combine inputs to produce output Silvania is 35 years behind… but this explain anotther part of the gap but not all… – Efficiency Fundamentals – Government and Institutions – Income inequality – Culture – Geography and natural resources This may be the crucial factor to explain the differences in GDP pc between Silvania and Freedonia

53 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-52 From Parable to practice Two main causes for growth – The accumulation of inputs – Productivity Differences in technology Differences in efficiency It is important to distinguish between proximate causes and ultimate causes

54 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-53 Figure 2.1 The Production Function

55 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-54 Figure 2.2 Possible Sources of Differences in Output per Worker

56 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-55 From income levels to growth rates What happens to Silvania if the king is deposed and democracy replaces monarchy such as the two countries have the same fundamentals? Does this imply that the two countries have immediately the same GDP pc?

57 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-56 What can we learn from data: Relationship between Latitude and Income per Capita

58 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-57 What can we learn from data: Relationship between Income per Capita and Population Growth

59 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley 1-58 Figure 2.5 Fogel’s Map of a Potential Water Transport Network for 1890 Source: Fogel (1964).