Translation Equivalents and False Friends across English and Italian in the Language of Tourism Elena Manca University of Lecce Foggia, 20th May 2005

Case studies: 1. How do Farmhouse Holidays owners and Agriturismi owners welcome their guests? 2. How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests?

Language and culture are strictly interrelated For this reason: For this reason: 1. We have to consider: The context of culture The context of culture The context of situation The context of situation The function of the text The function of the text

Culture is also conveyed by a single word or a set of words For this reason: For this reason: 1. We should consider 4 types of attraction, because words cluster just as people do: Collocation (lexical attraction) Collocation (lexical attraction) Colligation (grammatical attraction) Colligation (grammatical attraction) Semantic preference (semantic attraction) Semantic preference (semantic attraction) Semantic prosody (pragmatic attraction) Semantic prosody (pragmatic attraction)

The corpora used: A set of two comparable corpora: A set of two comparable corpora: 1. Web sites of British Farmhouse Holidays – 200,000 words 2. Web sites of Italian Agriturismi – 120,000 words They are made up of similar text types They are made up of similar text types

Results of the frequency list: The word ‘welcome’ is very frequent: The word ‘welcome’ is very frequent: 324 instances 324 instances

What does it mean Farmhouse Holidays? “A Farmhouse holiday can mean different things. It depends on the accommodation etc. The one thing they should all have in common is a warm and friendly welcome and the peace and beauty of the countryside. (…) Other holidays are like what we provide, self-catering, with the farmer welcoming you to wander on his farm if you wish and also to buy good local food. (…) People coming here always comment on the peace and beauty and the warmth of the welcome.” (Jo Rider, 2000-personal communication) (Jo Rider, 2000-personal communication)

The concept of ‘benvenuto’ in the Agriturismi web sites: ‘Benvenuto’ occurs 4 times in the Italian comparable corpus ‘Benvenuto’ occurs 4 times in the Italian comparable corpus

A case of non-equivalence Dictionaries provide ‘benvenuto’ as translation equivalent of ‘welcome’ Dictionaries provide ‘benvenuto’ as translation equivalent of ‘welcome’but ‘benvenuto’ is not used in the Italian comparable corpus of Italian agriturismi

Next step: 1. Identification of the 4 types of ‘attraction’ of ‘welcome’ and ‘benvenuto’ 2. Comparison of the 4 types of ‘attraction’ in order to find equivalences 3. Identification of alternative translation equivalents

Welcome The most frequent collocates of welcome: The most frequent collocates of welcome: 1. Children 2. Pets and dogs 3. Guests and Visitors

Children number of units used Children over 10 welcome Ample off road parking number of units used Children over 10 welcome Ample off road parking available. Children over 5 welcome, baby sitting available available. Children over 5 welcome, baby sitting available single occupancy. Children are welcome but we cannot offer discounts single occupancy. Children are welcome but we cannot offer discounts kind. Pets and children are welcome. Children will find the kind. Pets and children are welcome. Children will find the residential caravans. Children and pets welcome. We are members of the residential caravans. Children and pets welcome. We are members of the with fireplace. Children and pets are welcome - Baby sitting - with fireplace. Children and pets are welcome - Baby sitting - heating. Dogs and children welcome. Costwolds Main page heating. Dogs and children welcome. Costwolds Main page

Age restrictions for children Sorry no Pets No smokers Children over 16 welcomed Sorry no Pets No smokers Children over 16 welcomed twin bedroom for sensible children over the age of seven. twin bedroom for sensible children over the age of seven. to leave them in the car. Children over 7 accepted. to leave them in the car. Children over 7 accepted. number of units used Children over 10 welcomed number of units used Children over 10 welcomed Dining Room Non-smoking. No children under the age of 8. Dining Room Non-smoking. No children under the age of 8.

Pets and dogs and bread oven. Pets are welcome by prior arrangement. and bread oven. Pets are welcome by prior arrangement. baby bedding is supplied. Pets are welcome but must be kept under control baby bedding is supplied. Pets are welcome but must be kept under control mountain-bike routes. Your pets are welcome provided they are under control mountain-bike routes. Your pets are welcome provided they are under control breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house or kenneling is breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house or kenneling is farm-out buildings. Dogs are welcome provided they are kept strictly farm-out buildings. Dogs are welcome provided they are kept strictly year round. Well behaved pets are welcome and short breaks are available. tranquil. Well controlled dogs are welcome. Pheasant Cottage; Partridge year round. Well behaved pets are welcome and short breaks are available. tranquil. Well controlled dogs are welcome. Pheasant Cottage; Partridge high chair can be hired. Dogs are welcome on payment of a small fee high chair can be hired. Dogs are welcome on payment of a small fee breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house breakfast. Well behaved pets are welcome in the house

Guests and visitors and Kilburn. Our visitors are welcome to explore the farm to discover and Kilburn. Our visitors are welcome to explore the farm to discover Caebetran Farm. Visitors are welcome to see the cattle and sheep Caebetran Farm. Visitors are welcome to see the cattle and sheep bottle fed. All visitors are welcome to join in the farming activities bottle fed. All visitors are welcome to join in the farming activities Visitors are welcome to stroll around the farm. We regret Visitors are welcome to stroll around the farm. We regret Guests are welcome to relax in our victorian lounge Guests are welcome to relax in our victorian lounge and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its ose by. Our guests are welcome to fish the 1/4 mile river bank, ose by. Our guests are welcome to fish the 1/4 mile river bank, and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its pretty and cattle. Guests are welcome to roam the farm with its pretty and bathroom. Guests are welcome to use the garden and fields guests to relax in or you are welcome to sit in the garden. and bathroom. Guests are welcome to use the garden and fields guests to relax in or you are welcome to sit in the garden. you will be welcome to come carol singing you will be welcome to come carol singing

How are bambini, animali and ospiti welcomed in the Italian Agriturismi? Children Bambini Children Bambini Pets and dogs Animali, cani Pets and dogs Animali, cani Guests and visitors Ospiti Guests and visitors Ospiti

Bambini RIDUZIONI: Bambini 0-2 anni: -70%; Bambini 2-12 anni: 30% RIDUZIONI: Bambini 0-2 anni: -70%; Bambini 2-12 anni: 30% SCONTI E AGEVOLAZIONI Bambini fino a 3 anni gratis; Sconto ed SCONTI E AGEVOLAZIONI Bambini fino a 3 anni gratis; Sconto ed agevolazioni: Gratis bambini fino a 2 anni; Sconto 30% pensione agevolazioni: Gratis bambini fino a 2 anni; Sconto 30% pensione con tariffe speciali per bambini fino a 10 anni con tariffe speciali per bambini fino a 10 anni Supplementi e riduzioni: bambini 2/10 anni sconto 35% - Supplementi e riduzioni: bambini 2/10 anni sconto 35% -

Animali Accettano. Animali: Ammessi i cani Accettano. Animali: Ammessi i cani della prenotazione ANIMALI: ammessi previo accordo della prenotazione ANIMALI: ammessi previo accordo (solo sala ristoro), ammessi animali, angolo lettura, telefono e sconto 15%. Ammessi animali di piccola taglia. (solo sala ristoro), ammessi animali, angolo lettura, telefono e sconto 15%. Ammessi animali di piccola taglia. prezzo ridotto. Sono ammessi animali di piccola taglia. prezzo ridotto. Sono ammessi animali di piccola taglia. una scuola di parapendio. Animali non ammessi una scuola di parapendio. Animali non ammessi normalmente in dotazione. Gli animali non son ammessi. normalmente in dotazione. Gli animali non son ammessi. Sono ammessi animali? Si, gli animali sono ammessi con pagamento di Sono ammessi animali? Si, gli animali sono ammessi con pagamento di consumo di gas. Non si accettano animali. Tutta la biancheria è consumo di gas. Non si accettano animali. Tutta la biancheria è Siamo aperti tutto l'anno, animali si accettano previo accordo. Siamo aperti tutto l'anno, animali si accettano previo accordo. Aperto tutto l'anno. Si accettano animali domestici. Aperto tutto l'anno. Si accettano animali domestici.

Ospiti ampi spazi a disposizione degli amici ospiti che potranno raccogliere la ampi spazi a disposizione degli amici ospiti che potranno raccogliere la forno a legna può essere utilizzato dagli ospiti per attività di svago forno a legna può essere utilizzato dagli ospiti per attività di svago può essere raccolta personalmente dagli ospiti, che possono anche assistere può essere raccolta personalmente dagli ospiti, che possono anche assistere di produzione biologica, ove gli ospiti possono raccogliere prodotti di produzione biologica, ove gli ospiti possono raccogliere prodotti Nella fattoria Poggio Oliveto gli ospiti possono visitare le colture Nella fattoria Poggio Oliveto gli ospiti possono visitare le colture in bicicletta. Esternamente gli ospiti possono godere della piscina, in bicicletta. Esternamente gli ospiti possono godere della piscina, Vi è la possibilità per gli ospiti di partecipare alle attività Vi è la possibilità per gli ospiti di partecipare alle attività e nel mese di dicembre i nostri ospiti possono visitare il frantoio e nel mese di dicembre i nostri ospiti possono visitare il frantoio er vacanze tranquille e rilassanti. Gli ospiti potranno godere di una piscina er vacanze tranquille e rilassanti. Gli ospiti potranno godere di una piscina ediate vicinanze di Poggio Paradiso gli ospiti potranno fruire di attrezzature ediate vicinanze di Poggio Paradiso gli ospiti potranno fruire di attrezzature

Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) welcome children (via T.E.) (via T.E.) non-equivalence bambini (via function) (via function)

Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) welcome pets and dogs (via T.E.) (via T.E.) si accettano / animali e cani si accettano / animali e cani sono ammessi (via function) (via function)

Methodology (via collocation) (via collocation) Welcome guest/ visitors visitors (via T.E.) (via T.E.) Possono/ Vi è la possibilità ospiti (via function) (via function)

Conclusion Equivalence is function in context Equivalence is function in context Equivalence is culture bound Equivalence is culture bound Equivalence may not exist across cultures Equivalence may not exist across cultures

2nd Question: How is the concept of nature used in both cultures to attract visitors and guests?